Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal Term Paper

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal - Term Paper Example I have had the opportunity to attend to a number of heart transplant operations and carefully observed what transpires during this process. This has given me a background of the activities related to heart transplant operations. Secondly, I have had the opportunity to apply the nursing process in real life situation. In this regards, I have been able to collect a variety of population data from both the clinic and the community sources. I am now able to analyze such data both qualitatively and quantitatively. Basing on this knowledge, I am now able to help in the process of formulating goals and objectives for patient care and give an analytical feedback that can be applied in improving various nursing processes. I have reviewed cases regarding the determination of the need for health promotion and illness management shortcoming with the aim of implementing the best plan interventions basing on the best practice guidelines. Besides, I am now in a position to evaluate the effectivenes s plan interventions basing on the socio-cultural, economic, spiritual, environmental and developmental factors. I have had the opportunity to discuss with the preceptor on issues relating to the effectiveness, the evidence and the ethics of various plan interventions. ... I have established a rapport and gained as much client confidentiality as possible. Further, I am now able to carry out various documentation protocols, utilize the information technology systems and collaborate with my colleagues and staff effectively. Finally, with regards to professional practice, I am glad that I am better placed to maintain professional code of conduct and good behavior during practicum. Besides, I am now able to abide by all the agency’s regulations and policies. 2) What has been the most significant or meaningful learning outcome for you during clinical? The most eminent learning outcome I have achieved this far, is related to the application of the nursing process. Ever since my childhood, I have intrinsically wished to be a nurse. My efforts towards the achievement of this dreams has been inexorable. Thus, I feel great when I know I have the obligation to make a change in people’s lives. Application of the information I have gained in class in real-life clinical practice gives me am internal satisfaction I have always longed for. Seeing myself taking part in extending someone’s life and helping families hold onto their loved ones who are under my care, perpetuate my desire to take part in various other activities related to nursing activities. 3) As you reflect on your clinical experience, what knowledge and skills have you gained that will be helpful to you as a professional? Almost each and every learning outcome during my nursing training has been of great significance during my clinical experience. To begin with, the knowledge I have attained relating on how to attend to carry out patient interviews, perform physical assessments, obtain laboratory specimens and utilize specialty equipment has been very

The Best Way of Communication Essay Example for Free

The Best Way of Communication Essay Nowadays, much of the communication that takes place involves some sort of equipment, such as faxes, telephone calls, and e-mails. According to an investigation by The Associated Press (2010), communication equipment is becoming indispensable to people. In other words, people rely on it as never before. Is it proof that face-to-face communication is no longer important? Absolutely not! Face-to-face communication lets people directly know the actual personalities of people, and interact with each other without any barriers. Although as advanced technology develops, people have many new ways to keep connect with others, face-to-face communication is still the most important and effective method to communicate with others in education, business, and daily life. Education Online education is a teaching method, which uses a network media to allow students and teachers to carry out teaching and learning activities even thousands of miles away. First of all, it really breaks the constraints of time and space, because students and teachers do not have to go to school buildings. They can learn or teach anytime and anywhere. For example, Open University of Britain offers an online and distance education system called ODE, which has a worldwide reputation for education. This program, which has flexible teaching time, exclusively utilizes the online mode of teaching without any face-to-face sessions. In this way, Open University enrolls new students worldwide, and it gives people who do not have much time opportunities to gain professional knowledge. The students do not have to go to Britain, and they do not have to pay the high living expenses of studying in the UK. What’s more, the ODE, through a network teaching platform called FirstClass, provides online learning guides, software demo sites, articles, reports, books, and information resource links to students, and the students can get those resources at anytime. There are other online courses offered by reputable universities and colleges that allow students from different countries to opt for courses pertaining to their individual fields of education. According to an investigation by The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, there were over 3,000 open courseware courses  available from over 300 universities worldwide in 2006. For example, Open Yale Courses provides free and open access to a selection of introductory courses taught by distinguished teachers and scholars at Yale University. The aim of the project is to expand access to educational materials for all who wish to learn. In addition, each course includes a full set of class lectures produced in high-quali ty video accompanied by such other course materials as syllabi, suggested readings, exams, and problem sets. The lectures are available as downloadable videos, and an audio-only version is also offered. These courses allow people access to information and knowledge in their favorite fields. However, distance education lacks discipline and provides poor opportunities for interaction and social networking. This is because distance education operates through the Internet. This makes it unnecessary for professors and students who are in the same course to synchronize with others in the same time and space. It acts as a driving force for mobility of students, which causes confusion for classes and makes it hard for professors and administrators to supervise students. In addition, the students who attend online courses come from all walks of life, and their social rank, life experiences, attendance goals, learning styles, and cultural and educational backgrounds are all different. These things also increase the difficulty of management in the online education. On the other hand, in face-to-face education, teachers and administrators can monitor and manage students completely, making it possible to keep matters in good order. Students in online courses can, however, access knowledge and information much more easily. It makes students rely on the Internet, not only for personal uses but for work and study as well. As a result, students will sit in front of computers for hours each day and lack enough emotional communication. Today’s distance education neglects the factor of the emotions of students, and is not concerned with the emotional communication between teachers and students. More importantly, emotional education is a significant part of education, particularly in primary and secondary education. Teenagers form their values and moralities when they communicate with teachers or classmates in classes and schools. This is what distance education cannot achieve. As John Dewey (1944) said, Science and technology are not personality forces. They only act as intermediaries in education. No matter how powerful distance education is, if it ignores the  human emotions, it will lose the fundamental purpose of education. Therefore, distance education should never be a substitute for face-to-face education. Last but not least, in distance education, when teachers, students, and educational institutions use copyrighted materials, they cannot get the same treatment as people in physical classrooms. In other words, distance education will suffer many copyright infringement problems. According to the U.S. Copyright Law (1976), Section 110 (2), distance education has three weaknesses. The first is that the law has limited the types of copyrighted materials it recognizes in distance education: only non-dramatic works, articles and music are allowed to be shown in distance classes. Also, in the process of distance education, teachers, students and education institutions easily land in copyright infringement problems. Business With the development of technology, communication equipment is constantly emerging, such as email, the cell phone, text messaging, etc. In business communication, email is the most common method all in use over the world. It has three main advantages: it makes business information more accessible; and it provides for swifter communication in business activities; it breaks the constraints of time and space for business people to make contact with business partners. According to an investigation by the Direct Marketing Association in 2009, if an American business person invests $1 in commercial email, he would get $43.61 in return in one year. It seems that sending e-mails is a best way in business communication. However, the prospects for commercial email have not been good recently. When people receive hundreds of junk emails each week, the high rate of investment return will no longer exist. According to an investigation by FOB Business Forum, subscribers’ inboxes are full of needless emails currently, and 60% of subscribers choose to ignore all emails, this dashes to pieces business people’s hope for electronically establishing relationships with clients. On the contrary, in face-to-face communication, there is not much guesswork involved. Therefore, business people can set the foundation for trust with customers swiftly, and lasting business relationships easily. Video conferencing is also a popular commercial communications media in the 21st century. It is almost like the face-to-face meeting and non-verbal communication is also possible in video  conferencing. In fact, Dr. Albert Mehrabian, author of Silent Messages, said that over 90% of human communication is through nonverbal language like postures, gestures, eye contact and facial expressions. Video conferencing allows people to observe others’ appearances, movements and facial expressions in the same conferencing. What is more, people can show any material object, drawing and document they want. It enables businessmen to maximize the effectiveness of their negotiations. On the other hand, the success of video conferencing proves that face-to-face communication in business is still more effective than other types of communication. However, establishing video a conferencing network requires a great deal of funds, and the cost of maintaining and repairing the video equipment is also very high. It seems that video conferencing is not appropriate for all companies or organizations if face-to-face communication is still feasible. Email and video conferencing are not substitutes for face-to-face contact at all. As the economists Jess Gaspar and Ed Glaeser (2007) have pointed out, they are complements to face-to-face communication. Daily life In today’s world, a variety of communication equipments are packed into our life and electronic communication is better and cheaper than it is ever been. However, abusing communication equipments make people lacks emotional communication and provides poor opportunities for social networking. For example, in workplace, personal face-to-face communications can help people build relationship with their colleagues. The complexities of interpersonal relations cannot be interpreted by an e-mail, and a quick e-mail is absolutely not enough to maintain close association between two people. What is more, face-to-face communication is the key point in teamwork. According to an investigation by Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (2006), people who worked together and communicate with colleagues face-to-face did a better team job than another team who only use intercom to communicate with each colleague. Conclusion We live in the 21st century, an era of advanced science and technology, in which we have a great variety of communication equipment, such as cell phones, faxes, Internet, etc. These things bring a lot of benefits for all aspects of people’s lives. However, other types of communication can never  be a complete substitute for face-to-face communication. In business, education or daily life, face-to-face communication is the best method to communicate with others. References Browning, Dominique (Dec 4, 2011). Talking Face to Face Is So Yesterday. New York Times (Dec 4, 2011), p. SR.5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Gopal, Namita (2009). Business Communication. New Age International, Daryaganj, Delhi, IND, 74-77. Harford, Tim. FT.com site: Undercover economist: Keep it real. FT.com (Jan 26, 2007), p. 1. Retrieved from http:// www.ft.comLoose, Cindy. Online Education to Be Free; N.Va. Billionaire Envisions Cyber-U. The Washington Post (Mar 15, 2000), p. A.01. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com.libproxy.bridgeport.edu

Internet Laws :: essays research papers

Internet Laws There are a lot of debates dealing with laws concerning the Internet. Privacy and censorship are just two of the main points of argument. While searching through this information, I found it difficult to actually find new laws concerning the Internet. There are many ongoing debates that I am sure will reach legislation. I found the CNN website to be the most help. I used other search engines, such as Google and AllTheWeb, but I mostly got personal websites about their own opinions. I would suggest that someone really researching this subject should take the time and really look through Supreme Court documents and legislation. That way you wouldn’t miss anything. I wasn’t very successful in my searching, but here are the ones I managed to find. In San Francisco, California, Internet filters designed to keep pornography away from children were banned at city libraries despite a federal law mandating them. San Francisco's Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to ban the filters from library computers, a move that could cost the city $20,000 in federal funds. The board left it up to the Library Commission to decide whether to install filtering software in children's areas. The Children's Internet Protection Act, passed in April, requires libraries to install the software by 2003. The $20,000 the city might not get would be a tiny portion of its $50 million annual library budget. There is Legislation under consideration in the United States Congress to combat terrorism will treat low-level computer crimes as terrorist acts and threaten hackers with life imprisonment, according to officials of the civil liberties group Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). EFF says the Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) will add low-level computer intrusion (already a crime under other laws) to the list of "federal terrorism offenses," creating penalties of up to life imprisonment. The act will also add broad pre-conviction asset seizure powers and serious criminal threats to those who "materially assist" or "harbor" individuals suspected of causing minimal damage to networked computers.

The Road Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, Cormac McCarthy

The Road Named one of the four major novelists of his time, Cormac McCarthy has won numerous awards such as the National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, and the 2009 PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction, which places him in the highest rank of American literature. His tenth and latest novel, The Road (2006), known as his most traumatic yet intensely personal work, has won the Pulitzer Prize for Literature Award in 2007, as well as the James Tait Black Memorial Prize (2007,) and the Quill Book Award (2007.) The Road is one of three novels that have been made into a film and was featured in theaters in 2009. Nominated for various cinematography awards, and winner of the Pulitzer Award, The Road is a profoundly shocking in-depth way at looking at the flailing annihilation of the human civilization. The Road is a post-apocalyptic story of a journey taken by a father, the man, and his young son, the boy, â€Å"each the other’s world entire† (McCarthy, p. 6). The man and boy, sustained by love, travel through bleak and grim America some years after an immense unexplained cataclysm destroyed nearly all humanity, and environment. The land is covered in ash, is extremely dark, and cold with recurrent rain, gray snow, and earthquakes. Throughout the novel the boy calls the man â€Å"Papa,† and they both refer to themselves as the â€Å"good guys† who carry the fire; â€Å"the â€Å"bad guys† being other human survivors who have turned cannibalistic. The man, haunted by dreams and reminiscent due to flashbacks of his childhood and his wife who committed suicide at the time of the world-wide destruction, protects his son from starvation and attacks, even though he himself realizes that he is dying. Both father and son rumma... .... Looking at these effects, it is obvious that they revolve around how the intestate demise of the world affected humanity. The journey the man and the boy traveled through depressing America in truth unlocks the reality of a Judgment Day. All of us come from unpredictable societies, and unfortunately we poison all we come in contact with, and simply don’t care when it comes to our environment. â€Å"On this road there are no godspoke men. They are gone and I am left and they have taken with them the world. Query: How does the never to be differ from what never was† (McCarthy, p. 32)? This quote gives an idea of what kind of catastrophe might have struck the world, and that the prophets are gone, taking the world with them. Whatever happened to humankind in the novel, The Road, was completely destroyed along with the moral principles that man and the boy, even we value.

Management of Diversity

MANAGEMENT OF DIVERSITY WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION Written and presented by: Tyson Johnson Charles Bushell Kori Greaves Introduction When most people envision diversity, the first things which come to mind are age, sexual orientation, race and gender. In Workforce America! Managing Employee Diversity as a Vital Resource, diversity is defined as: â€Å"otherness or those human qualities that are different from our own and outside the groups to which we belong, yet present in other individuals and groups. â€Å"The dimensions of diversity are further expanded but not limited to: age, ethnicity, gender, race, physical abilities/qualities, sexual orientation, education, geographical location, income, marital status, religion, work experience, military involvement. † (Loden and Rosener 1991; 18-19) Principles and Objectives To address diversity issues directly one must question: What policies, practices or current strategies within our organizational culture have differential impact o n different groups? What organizational changes should be made to meet the requirements of a modern diverse workforce and maximize the potential of all workers? The Key Principles and objectives of The Organizational Diversity Plan are as follows: * Promote awareness of workplace diversity within the organization (acceptance) * Develop and maintain a highly skilled and efficient workforce where the value and motivation of employees is present across the board * Develop a supportive environment where staff have a balance between work and their personal life * Provide a prejudice and harassment free working environment * Include diversity management principles in recruitment processes The Solution Acceptance of diversity: First and foremost, management must acknowledge that their working environment encompasses a wide variety of people. It is often difficult to see what part diversity plays in a specific area of management and how it relates to the development and success of the organization. A manager must understand that in the modern world, where migration due to education and opportunities is prevalent, diversity is an inevitable issue and must be handled in such a way that the organization can benefit and succeed. Development and maintenance of workforce: To develop an efficient team, a leader must be established within each team, group or department. The most effective team leaders build their relationships with workers through trust and loyalty as opposed to fear and power. A manager should consider the suggestions and ideas of all his employees. No idea should be considered as unworthy or idiotic. Employees should be made to feel like they belong and are part of the bigger picture. One should always seek chances to mediate and solve minor disputes before they get out of hand. This leads to greater harmony and a step towards achieving company goals. In mediating, directives should be clear and concise and must take into consideration everyone’s differences and views. The contribution of each team member should never be undervalued and the manager must remind his employees about the importance of his/her job to the success and development of the business. Employees should work on creating solutions on their own. This develops communication and builds a stronger bond. As a supervisor your initial priority in problem solving is stimulating debate. Employees are often afraid to disagree with one another and this may result in poor decisions made. Debate inspires creativity which further leads to a workforce which thrives on cohesion and efficiency. Develop a Supportive Environment: The working environment is always an important variable in having a productive staff. Diversity introduces many struggles including trying to maintain a balanced environment for employees. One must accept the fact that there is life outside of the workplace regardless of timelines and working hours. Families must be attended to, social activity to be maintained. It is up to management to forge a bridge between work and personal life in such a way that productivity is still maintained at a high level but with minimal stress. * The introduction of after work care for children of staff, will allow staff to continue to work outside of normal working hours but still be able to take care of their children. * Staff parties or outings are always a good idea to address the need for social interaction. This also gives workers a chance to understand different cultures and personalities of their colleagues. * Religious beliefs, and sexual orientations must be accepted and care taken to respect them. Prejudice and harassment free organization: The main problem realized with diversity is discrimination which comes in many forms. There should be a zero-tolerance policy with relation to prejudice or harassment of any kind. Regardless of race or culture or gender, each employee was hired for a particular set of skills or envisioned potential they could offer to the organization and they should be allowed to display and hone them. Discrimination breeds separation and breakdowns in communication which impacts very negatively on the productivity and advancement of any business. Where discrimination is identified as an issue, all efforts should be made to address the situation(s) as quickly as possible. Discipline must be swift and – in extreme cases – harsh in order to set the standard for further issues. Diversity management principles in recruitment: During recruitment and interviewing processes, management must bear in mind that everyone must have the same access to opportunities and ensure that a nondiscriminatory standard is used for the selection process. This can be aided by: Forming diverse selection committees to ensure bias free selection * Salary and incentives should be offered equally regardless of ethnic origin or sexual orientation * Make sure there is equal opportunity for both men and women Conclusion Management of diversity is one of the key goals of the modern organization. It is extremely important to comprehend how the dynamics of diversity affect performance, productivity, motivation and success within the business and le arn how to merge them. Some human resources policies and structures have created or presented barriers in an effort to mask the problem but this is far from the solution. These blockades must be removed to allow free interaction and communication between staff and staff and employer. Diversity is not a problem, but actually an aid in the development and advancement of an organization. As with any introduced policy, there is a need for continuous monitoring and evaluating. The modern business environment and attitudes contained are constantly being changed and molded. Bibliography Loden and Rosener – 1991 Oxford University Human Resources Department Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal – Ratsamy Phomphakdy, Brian H. Kleiner

Indians and the Battle of Wounded Knee essays

Indians and the Battle of Wounded Knee essays Can you imagine our world coexisting with Indians? It could have happened. If the Indians could have been pulled together and won the Battle of Wounded Knee. Your neighborhood could have been called Indian Estates and your next door neighbor could have been a Sioux. But they lost. American Indian extermination is best summed up in the words of Standing Bear of the Poncas, "When people want to slaughter cattle they drive them along until they get them to a corral, and then they slaughter them. So it was with us. "A tribe or even a race was destroyed for good in a short period of time. I am going to discuss how the Sioux tribe was destroyed and so was the Native American. The battle of Wounded Knee was the most important battle in our country today. According to Carl Waldman in the Atlas of North American Indian, the Sioux Indian was located throughout the Northern Plains of America. The Sioux were led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. The Sioux were known for being rebellious battlers that were warriors. According to Ann McGovern in her book If You Lived with the Sioux Indians, she talks about the Sioux and their ghost dances. It also talks about how the Sioux kept getting driven out and continued to move more west. According to Dee Brown Bury My Heart at Wounded at Knee, frozen corpses twisted into grotesque shapes. Women with little children strapped onto their backs. A mother holds on tightly to her young. 12-year-olds full of bullets. This is how the Indians were found. Death and destruction reigned everywhere on the banks of Wounded Knee Creek. According to Angie Debo in her book A History of the Indians of the United States, on December 29, 1890, after disarming the Sioux Indians, the rapid-fire Hotchkiss mountain cannons were used on them. These guns fired explosive shells weighing two pounds ten ounces at the rate of fifty per minute and had an effective range of 4, 200 yards. As the defenseless Indians fled, they were sho...

Th Symbolic Relationship between the Media and the Police The WritePass Journal

Th Symbolic Relationship between the Media and the Police Th Symbolic Relationship between the Media and the Police Introduction The following essay will examine the symbiotic relationship between the British police force and the British media. Over the years the relationship between the police and the media has progressed and as a result this essay will examine the following areas, the representation of both the police and the media including their symbiotic relationship. By examining the public perception of both parties the essay will highlight how public perception has changed over the years and the impact it has had as a consequence. Important areas to be defined would be the representations of the media and police within today’s society. Media can include numerous services which distribute information to provide the general public with an understanding of social values and changes within their communities and society as a whole. (Howitt, D.1998) The media has various outputs which include newspapers, television whether it be fact or fictional, radio and in addition the world-wide web. The primary aim of the media is to keep the public informed and influence the way that they accept and perceive changes within society. (Jewkes,Y. 2011) In Britain today we are absorbed by the portrayal of crime and deviance within our society. However, the attraction may leave an undesired effect on how lives are influenced by the media and alter perceptions of law enforcement and heighten the fear of crime. Stan Cohen coined the phrase ‘folk devils’ during the 1960s and 70s. He used the phrase to describe groups of individuals deemed to be a danger or nuisance to society. Misrepresentation by the media could conceivably create ‘moral panics’ within society due to the fact that individuals interpret information differently. Moral panics within society have been created by the media through labelling individuals and intensifying the specific societal issue. Through glamourizing crime it has been suggested that the media conveys information in an exaggerated and dramatized way. From a Marxist perspective the media would focus on individuals that threaten the power of the rich and the influential within societ y. (Jewkes,Y. 2011) Criminal behaviour is focused upon and portrayed as an act that would be committed from those from a middle class background. Therefore, the media are stereotyping who the public should perceive as a criminal. Post-modernists perceive the crime coverage by the media as no more than a spectacle display for the general public to witness and to be influenced by the media’s views. (Jewkes,Y. 2011:282) The police within today’s society have taken on the role of peace keeping through the act of discretion and by carrying out a negotiation process. Working proactively in conjunction with local communities the police are continuously trying to reinforce their presence and form associations with communities on an informal basis. By trying to build community policing within specific areas the police are helping to manage and educate individuals within those communities on crime and the impact it has on their local community. (Grieve,J. et al 2007) So what exactly do the police and the media do within our society as a whole? Britain’s media is theoretically existent to provide the general public with information that concerns their safety and wellbeing within society. The media may also assist individuals to make informed, knowledgeable decisions on issues that affect them directly or their local communities. The media is also responsible for providing the general public with crucial information regarding government legislation and the criminal justice system. What this endeavours to highlight is the fact that the involvement of the media is also used by the government to publicize the politician’s achievements on crime within communities to their advantage.   (Howitt, D. 1998) According to Jewkes 2011, society is no longer about class or social stature within our economy but what it does highlight are those individuals most vulnerable to media influences. It is not all about pluralism where it may be suggested that everyone’s thoughts or opinions are taken into consideration and equally represented once the information has been interpreted. These decisions are realized by individuals creating informed personal choices. The growth of the mass media and the sources readily available on the internet has made the availability of media coverage widely accessible to those from all varying social backgrounds.   (Jewkes,Y. 2011:24) Factual reporting of crime within society is often sensationalised and carefully selected by the media as to what they deem as newsworthy to aid the dramatization for the general public. The public’s interest on how crime is reported and the content of those reports influence what we both see and read in terms of media representation. Through displaying an interest in a particular area of crime the public feed this interest to the media who in return, focus on similar crimes.   (Howitt, D. 1998) Just how the media represent crime can be influential over public perceptions and their understanding of media news reports. By educating positively on the ideology of crime, and by having this knowledge, it could be used in a progressive way to assist and implement changes on how crime and punishment are dealt with within society. Media influences can go two ways, negatively or positively. Unfortunately in today’s society we have individuals who are easily influenced and take what the media says as true to its word. The misinterpretation of reports and the lack of knowledge and understanding can have a negative impact on what the individual thinks about crime and how they perceive the policing of criminals. According to Howitt 1998 ‘there is plenty of evidence that the media create dichotomies of good and evil. This applies to a range of criminal activities which, without media reinforcement, might not have resulted in such a negative response from the public.’ (Howitt, D. 1998) The media and the police have always been seen to have had an uneasy and complex relationship. According to Robert Reiner, ‘it captures the mutual dependence and reciprocal reinforcement that underlies a relationship frequently characterised by bickering and tension.’ (Cited in Newburn,T. 2003:259) Radical and liberal analyses have suggested that media representation creates unrealistic public fears by over reporting and exaggerating specific crimes. As a result of this reporting public support for policing and social laws are called into question by the general public. This can create unlawful forms of policing and vigilantism. (Reiner, R. 2003) The way in which the media portray the police can often affect the public’s perceptions on policing and how they manage law and order within society. The portrayal of policing by the media can challenge and contest the actions of the police. By challenging the police it is bringing their accountability into question. (Grieve. J, et al 2007:35) According to Jones Newburn 1998, policing is defined as ‘those organised forms of order-maintenance, peacekeeping, rule or law enforcement and other forms of investigation and information-brokering which may involve a conscious exercise of coercive power.’ (Cited in Grieve, J. et al 2007:20) We’ve seen on many occasions how media reports and investigative journalism have actually helped police in their work. These are occasions when the media can help to create encouraging images of policing today. (Grieve. J, et al 2007) For example, in the case of missing children media coverage is used to help encourage witnesses to come forward from the public. Scotland Yard was the first police department to establish a media press office in 1919. (Grieve. J, et al 2007) In 1970 commissioner Sir Robert Mark of New Scotland Yard introduced and ‘open door’ policy in regards to the media and the exchange of information. Marks main aim was to put an end to the corruption and publication of ‘exclusive’ crime stories. Mark believed that the public had a right to know what was going on in their communities. However, this has led to limited information being handed over by the police at their discretion and the media being fed information when and if seen as appropriate. (Chester, S. 2010) In the 1970s media relationships with the police were simpler than what they have developed into in today’s society. By building relationships with the local police departments media journalists would basically call their connection at the police department and ask for various information. Functioning in this way prevented the need to go through official channels to gather the information required. Front line police officers regarded the media at this time as interfering, suspicious and a public nuisance. In relation to media training for the police there was very little to advise officers as to how to respond or conduct themselves in the course of a press conference. (Trotter, A. 2010) Over the years there has been an increase in awareness and training for police officers on how to deal with media situations. There are strategies in place along with professional police media staff to take control and manage serious crimes or incidents. The relationship between the media and the police is far becoming more complex than ever before. Their symbiotic relationship is still essential to enable the public to be kept up to date with crime stories but, this is kept within limitation. By using the police department for crime stories to print the media are using the police to help sell newspapers, gain TV audiences and other accessible public news sources which highlights the mutual reliance they have for each other. Through providing the media with limited information the police department are still keeping the general public up to date with crimes in their areas and public safety. When there is a serious crime incident the police will monitor and limit the information the media are given to prevent damage to the investigation or those directly involved. The fact that this information has been given does not prevent the media from misrepresenting the facts. As citied by Yvonne Jewkes 2011:156 ‘the fact that the readers of popular newspapers (that is, those that report crime in a sensationalized and salient fashion) have the highest levels of fear of crime may simply reflect their actual risk of victimization.’ Many researchers suggest that a negative image of the police is portrayed by the use of fictional TV programmes. Through their portrayal the police are either made to look like crime fighting heroes or ineffective and incompetent. For the public to have a positive attitude towards the police they need to feel safe from the effectiveness of their crime fighting strategies and their implementation of punitive measures. (Surette, R. 1998) An incident which occurred in July 2010 was questioned by David Hayward the director of the BBC College of Journalism as to whether the police and the media used appropriate coverage in regards to the shooting of Raoul Moat in Northumberland. The incident began on the 3rd July 2010 when Raoul Moat who had recently been released from prison shot his girlfriend and killed her new boyfriend. He later shot and severely injured a local police officer. Moat avoided the police and went on the run for almost a week. He later shot himself after a long stand-off with police officers all of which was broadcast live by the media to TV audience’s. The media coverage on Raoul Moat was extensive and gained international media interest. As the incident progressed and the whereabouts of Moat became known, Moats final moments were covered by live media coverage. This has since led to many questions being raised in regards to the coverage of live incidents within communities and the behaviour of the media. An important area that was examined was the relationship between the media and the police and how it could be improved for future reference. What this highlights however, is the need for concise and the clearer exchange of important information to maintain public safety and knowledge in any given situation. It is also important to realise the consequences of media coverage and the affects it can have on public audiences and also family members witnessing these incidents first hand. (Hayward, D. 2010) The general public’s perception of the police and the media varies according to what they have read and seen from media coverage, whether it be a newspaper or on TV. Perception of both the police and the media may also be influenced by an individual’s social background within society. Different age groups have varying perceptions of what they believe the role of the police should be and how the media have influenced their overall perception of their fear of crime. According to a home office report written in 1998 young people aged between 14-25 years believe there is a distinct absence of communication and knowledge with the police which has led to a lack of respect. The socio-economic group aged between 25-40 years believe that the police have shown a lack of concern for their fears and also when it comes to a response to a specific incident. It has highlighted that older adults aged from the age of 40/45 have a respect and a favourable perception of the police as they feel that they do their best whenever possible although there is still room for improvement. (Bradley, R. 1998). The majority of research that has been carried out regarding the effects of the media is done so from a positive psychological perspective. This also brought to the forefront the continual debate regarding the causal relationship between the media representation and criminal behaviour. (Reiner, R. 2003) According to Jason Ditton 2005, when considering the perceptions of the public and their perceptions on crime there are three main dimensions to take into consideration. Firstly, the public’s belief in crime or specific kinds of crime committed. Secondly, the change in victim crime rates or the variation in the frequency of the crimes. Finally, have the public based their beliefs on local, regional, or a national crime rates and incidents? (Ditton, J. 2005) According to Jewkes, by creating false portrayals of crimes within society the media are choosing to manipulate public perceptions of crime. As a result this forms a basis for the implementation of labelling, prejudices and over-simplification of the true facts. (Jewkes,Y. 2011:155) The media are known to focus on certain types of crimes at certain periods in time, where society or the economy is in need of public support, the media increases the public’s interest which also delivers a financial gain for the media. (Jewkes,Y. 2011:59) After the Second World War the perception of the police force changed. A fictional TV portrayal of a British police force which typified the ‘Golden Age’ of police was aired and known as ‘Dixon of Dock Green.’ The community policeman reinforced the safety aspect within communities by portraying a community spirit by highlighting honesty and the fact that crime within society is punishable by law. Thus, allowing the audience to morally evaluate crime and the consequences involved. However, times change and so has individual’s perceptions. (Grieve. J, et al 2007) In conclusion it is fair to say that in today’s society the media plays an important role in relaying information and providing the general public with interpretations on crimes which our   society appear to want. Whether the public gather their information from factual or fictional aspects of the media there will always be limitations in regards to what is viewed or written. How the public interpret this information regardless of whether the media have shaped or had an influence on them will depend on the individual themselves. The more vulnerable they are, the more likely it is that the media will impact greatly on their perceptions within society. This can have an undesired effect on policing. How the public view the portrayal of crime and how the police are perceived to deal with crime issues may deem their effectiveness within their practice. The symbiotic relationship between the media and the police will continue as both need each other and depend on each other for information. Whether this information is then kept quiet or misrepresented is the issue for the media and the police to seriously think about. As both their actions in terms of public communication is having an impact on individuals whether rightly or wrongly. With increased technology developments and the freedom of information it has allowed the general public the access to information that was previously out of reach. In our society this now allows the main organisations such as the police force to be scrutinised by the public and calls into question the polices ability to control the news media. (Mawby, RC. 1999) However, further research would help determine whether the relationship between the police and the media plays an important part on individual’s views and attitudes towards crime within their society. References Grieve, J. Harfield, C. Macvean, A. 2007, Policing, Sage Publications Ltd, London Howitt, D. 1998. Crime the Media and the Law, John Wiley sons Ltd, Chichester Jewkes, Y. 2011.   Crime Media, Key approaches to criminology, 2nd edition, Sage Publications Ltd, London Mawby, R.C. 1999. Policing and Society, Visibility, transparency and police-media relations. Newburn, T. 2003. Handbook of Policing, Willan Publishing, Devon Surette, R. 1998. Media Crime Criminal Justice, Images and Realities, 2nd edition, Wadsworth Trotter, A. Media relations a new era, Policing Today, March 2010, 16(1), pp.37-39 Chester, S. (2010). The news of the world special police relationship. Available online: theguardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/sep/06/news-of-the-world-special-police-relationship Last accessed 28th Feb 2011 Hayward, D. (2010). Was Raoul moats death a public execution was the media proportionate. Available online: journalism.co.uk/news-commentary/-039-was-raoul-moat-039-s-death-a-public-execution-was-the-media-proportionate039-/56/a539715 Last accessed 24th Feb 2011 Reiner, R.   (2002). The representation of crime in the mass media. Media made criminality Available online: sociology.org.uk/as4mm4b.pdf Last accessed March 8th 2011 Bradley, R. (1998). Public expectations and perceptions of Policing Available online: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/fprs96.pdf Last accessed March 2nd 2011

Character Contrasts in Pride and Prejudice essays

Character Contrasts in Pride and Prejudice essays Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is the tale primarily of the romances and consequent marriages of the two Bennet sisters, Jane and Elizabeth. These are the two main characters in the book, Jane, 22, and Elizabeth, the heroine of the story, 22. They are both quite young but old enough to know how the world works and what goes on in life. They both find excellent partners and make very favourable marriages. Bingley, Janes husband, is a good, entertaining and kind man, though rather weak willed. Darcy, Elizabeths partner, is a good, interesting and very strong willed man, making this the perfect, fairy-tale marriage. Pride and Prejudice begins with Mrs Bennet, the mother of Jane and Elizabeth talking about how excellent it would be if one of them were to marry the most eligible bachelor in the area. This seems rather pathetic of their mother, wanting her daughters to marry a man just because he has money, but it is soon revealed that the Bennets are rather poor and if Mr Bennet wer e to die they would loose the house and be left destitute. Therefore for the survival of the girls and their mother at least one of them must make a favorable marriage. Jane falls in love with the afore mentioned eligible bachelor, and though they are split up by a friend for a while they do eventually marry. An extremely rich and famous man, one of the most sought after men in the country falls in love with Elizabeth, and although she initially rejects his proposals of marriage, thinking him too proud, does slowly fall in love with him, realizing his pride was only shyness, and they become engaged. Jane is the most beautiful of all the Bennet girls; Bingley describes her as the most beautiful creature I ever beheld. Everybody remarks on Janes beauty and it is the first reason Mr. Bingley, the most sought after young man in the neighborhood, is drawn towards her. Elizabeth is also a very ...

D3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

D3 - Assignment Example If these views are put together, a more comprehensive perspective of child development can be obtained. (Berk) The underlying perceptions of these theories are technically different; and even contradicting to some extent. Piaget’s point is that the child’s learning and mental capabilities are fundamentally not inferior to that of the adults. The child’s learning is actually activity and observation based. But Vygotsky’s theory gives more prominence to the psychosocial aspects of child development. The emphasis on cognitive capabilities of a child can also be explained by genetic claims and calls for assistance from a capable teacher to help the child learn. The adult is more knowledgeable, experienced, and physically capable than the child. In the early stages of child development, assistance from the adult can be pivotal. Although self learning and activity based training processes are essential to achieve wholesome development, the importance of guidance by an adult can be considered as the basis of both preschool and Kindergarten levels of education and training. (Berk, 2-3) In the course of maturing the child’s tendencies and attempts toward developing a firmer grip on language (be that the child’s mother tongue or some other language), what the adult can do to help the child has been termed as â€Å"scaffolding† by many experts (e.g. Plumert and Whitehead, 523). Making the child aware of the different aspects of a language not possible unless all the four basic language capabilities are supported, which are writing, reading, speaking, and listening skills. Since developmental psychologists like Vygotsky put emphasis on the cognitive aspects of a child’s mental development, adult-child conversations can be regarded as an excellent tool to develop the child’s language skills during his/her pre-school days. This the primary stage of the child’s education and psychosocial

The Influence of Marginalist Revolution in the Economy History Essay

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Expanding a Business from UK in Canada (International Business Law) Essay

Expanding a Business from UK in Canada (International Business Law) - Essay Example All other important legal and labor details pertaining to the creation of the business will be included in this report. Background Alan Brandon, who has a stake in several UK companies plan to expand two of his companies by opening either a branch or a subsidiary in Canada. These two companies are doing well in the past three years and he believes that it be profitable to start expanding abroad. The two companies are Definitely-Maybe PLC, a public limited company that produces chocolates and Ultra-educators Software Limited, a Software services company that designs educational Software. The Board of Directors has given their go signal to expand given the report of Mr. Brandon’s team that the business is feasible in Canada and is likely to succeed. This report is made, at Mr. Alan Brandon’s behest, to show to the Board of Directors what is in store for them when they bring the business in Canada. Objectives It is the objective of this paper to show to the mother companie s of both UK-based Definitely-Maybe and Ultra-Educators what entails the expansion of their businesses from UK to Canada in terms of new jurisdiction, legal, sale, technical and tax aspects. This report is basically presented from the legal perspective to ensure the management of possible legal risks. Failure to do so could result into substantial impact on the profitability or commercial transactions that could be detrimental to the life of the company. Scope This report will be enumerating the possible risks Definitely-Maybe may be exposed to if it embarks on the exportation of chocolates to Canada. It will also present the options open to Ultra-Educators in terms of the form of corporate entity that is best suited to it in Canada, including the details and requirements in implementing it. This report will also touch on the treaties and agreements that could be applied to the business and how it may benefit the company as well as the other pertinent labor and immigration issues th at the new companies are likely to come across with. Results Importing Chocolates in Canada It is considered to be a regulated activity if commercial goods are imported into Canada. The government agency in charge of such activity is the Canada Border Services Agency. It is the entity that enforces the regulations for import. Before a company can begin importing products to Canada, an import/export number must first be obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and added to the company’s regular business number. Second, the products to be imported must be identified clearly and explicitly. In what country the products are from and in what country they are manufactured must also be determined. The company must see to it that the products are not prohibited in being imported to Canada. Examples of such products include products manufactured by prisoners, reprints of Canadian works with copyright protection, certain birds, counterfeit currencies, all kinds of second-hand airc rafts, with no exceptions, all kinds of second-hand automobiles, except those from the US, all materials regarded as child pornography, hate propaganda, rebellious, treasonable, or obscene, etc. Next, the company should see whether or not the products to be imported are subject to other requirements or restrictions. Once the company has guaranteed that the products can be legally imported to

Write a literature review on the reliability of the clinical Essay

Write a literature review on the reliability of the clinical assessment of the 1st Ray - Essay Example aluation is carried out through the use of one hand to stabilize the four lateral metatarsals while the other hand of the examiner applies pressure on the head of the first metatarsals to cause a plantar or dorsal displacement. Even though this method is vague with reference only to inter-examiner reliability, manual testing could be adequate enough for a personal clinician to categorise the motion of the foot as being hypermobile, normal or stiff. Several comparisons with other patients are beneficial in assisting the clinician to determine whether the first foot is normal or not. First Ray Examination: essentially, the first ray is an important part of the foot as it contributes to the movement and gait of a person. Since clinical evaluations have often found first ray abnormalities to be associated with the hillux rigidus, hallux valgus and metatarsus primus varus. Medical practitioners believe that there is a mechanical explanation for these pathologic conditions (Glasoe et al 1999). The mechanical movement of the foot is imperative to locomotion and therefore, abnormality will cause difficulties in movement. Diagnosing a problem in the mobility of the first ray by using the manual model is achieved in this manner; with the ankle placed at a neutral position, a slight pressure is applied to dorsiflxion just below the first ray metatarsal head, there will be an inferior portion of the first metatarsal brought to the sagittal plane level of the smaller metatarsal heads (Cornwall et al (2004). In case the inferior element of the heads of the first ray metatarsal do not contact the smaller metatarsals’ plane, then the first ray is considered as stiff. However, in case the features of the first metatarsal head go beyond the smaller metatarsals plane, then the first Ray can be described as hypermobile (Voellmicke & Deland 2002). Since theses diagnoses are critical in a clinical setting, their reliability and validity is equally important. This is because

Product or Service Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Write a literature review on the reliability of the clinical Essay

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Intellectual Disabilities - Essay Example Difficulties with assessment and classification are discussed. Finally the education of children particularly with mild to moderate disabilities is discussed. Several programs and strategies that have been developed to teach children with intellectual disabilities are reported on. In order to examine and understand the about Intellectual Disabilities it is first helpful to define the term. However even before coming to a definitive definition we need to know something of the history of this term and how the thinking about intellectual disabilities has changed over the years. Specifically we need to know the connection between mental retardation, learning disabilities and intellectual disabilities. In the early 1800s J.Langdon Hayden Down proposed a classification of intellectual disabilities based on ethnic classification in an attempt to absolve parents from blame that it was their fault that their child was intellectually disabled. This was not accepted and was abandoned by Hayden who later proposed three major groups of classification. One was congenital where intellectual disability was caused by brain defects or epilepsy. The second was developmental classification due to stress occurring during a developmental crisis. And the third was accidental as a r esult of an injury or illness in early childhood. This was later developed into the brain pathology theory of the 1880s and led to the 19th century theories that realized that intellectual disability had multiple causes and various levels of disability (Harris, 2005). Over the years there have been several terms used to describe intellectually disabilities including words such as idiocy, imbecility, feeble-mindedness and mental deficiency. As Meservy (2008) explains because the name mental retardation has been associated with such negative connotation efforts have been made to move away

Philosophy of Teaching Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Teaching Essay I consider my ultimate strength that I bring to the classroom is the desire and eagerness that I have for teaching children. A dynamic part of being a teacher is to motivate the students to know that the skills and information they are learning is worth learning and are valuable lessons to be used in the future. If I can convince the children that the material is enjoyable, powerful, and beneficial then they will want to make the effort to learn. I make it a significance priority to convey drive and enthusiasm to the classroom. It is difficult to learn if you are uninterested and almost not difficult to learn if the learning method is enjoyable and appealing. Additionally it is imperative for the students to appreciate why they are learning and what the importance of learning is. My objectives for teaching in the classroom are limited but crucial ones. I want my students to learn the materials taught in an extensive, everlasting way. I want them to apply the thoughts of these ideas to all subject material taught. I will use the means that I have learned and continue to learn to get the maximum learning potential of my students as a whole. Secondly, I inspire to transform lives so that they determine life paths that have not ever been reflected on before. Reassurance is important and I aim to be their biggest fan. Thirdly, I want to reinvent the practice of teaching. Often teaching is regarded as an art, an uqualifiable expertise, to be practiced and understood by each new generation of teachers. By familiarizing new concepts and practices the doors are exposed to tangible advancement to permit us to learn new and more effective ways of using classroom time, so that the succeeding generation of teachers can be sincerely better and more effective in teaching then even we are today in the world of modernisms and increased use of technology. I don’t always know the greatest ways to teach but I am willing to try different approaches until I reach a place where I know what I am doing will effect upcoming generations of students and educators. Lastly, and most selfishly I want to have an exciting journey and make the classroom a fun and exciting place to learn. I delight in the opportunity of getting to know my students and their families and develop strong lasting relationships that can be seen years down the road. There are great joys of becoming a teacher and knowing that you impact lives each and every day. Our students learn when they are energetically figuring things out, trying to teach themselves, not inactively wandering through busy work and handouts, expecting to be taught. I design my lesson plans and classroom material not around what I do but what the students will do. I let them take command of their own education and to teach them as much as imaginable about the realm around us.

The History Of Acid Throwing Criminology Essay

The History Of Acid Throwing Criminology Essay It is defined as the act of throwing acid onto the body of a person with the objective of injuring or disfiguring out of jealousy or revenge. Perpetrators of these attacks throw acid at their victims, usually at their faces, burning them, and damaging skin tissue, often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones. The long term consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scarring of the face and body. These attacks are most common in Cambodia, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan and other nearby countries. Globally, at least 1500 people in 20 countries are attacked in this way yearly, 80% of whom are female and somewhere between 40% and 70% under 18 years of age. ATTACKS IN SOUTH ASIA In South Asia, acid throwing attacks have been used as a form of revenge for refusal of sexual advances, proposals of marriage and demands for dowry. Scholars Taru Bahl and M.H. Syed say that land disputes are another leading cause. AFGHANISTAN In Afghanistan in November 2008, extremists subjected schoolgirls to acid attacks for attending school. Attacks or threats of attacks on women who failed to wear hijab or were otherwise immodestly dressed have been reported in Afghanistan. BANGLADESH In Bangladesh, where such attacks are relatively common, they are mostly a form of domestic violence. The Acid Survivors Foundation counted 91 attacks in Bangladesh in 2011. The chemical agents most commonly used to commit these attacks are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. According to Mridula Bandyopadhyay and Mahmuda Rahman Khan, it is a form of violence primarily targeted at women. They describe it as a relatively recent form of violence, with the earliest record in Bangladesh from 1983. The scholar Afroza Anwary points out that acid violence occurs not only in Bangladesh but also in Pakistan, China, and Ethiopia and has occurred historically in Europe. CAMBODIA In Cambodia, it was reported that these attacks were mostly carried out by wives against their husbands lovers. GAZA In 2006 a group in Gaza calling itself Just Swords of Islam claimed to have thrown acid at a young woman who was dressed immodestly, and warned other women to wear the hijab. INDIA The Thomas Reuters Foundation survey says that India is the fourth most dangerous place in the world for women to live in as women belonging to any class, caste or creed and religion can be victims of this cruel form of violence and disfigurement, a premeditated crime intended to kill or maim her permanently and act as a lesson to put her in her place. In India, acid attacks on women who dared to refuse a mans proposal of marriage or asked for a divorce are a form of revenge. Acid is cheap and easily available and is the quickest way to destroy a womans life. The numbers of acid attacks have been rising in India and there have been 68 reported acid attacks in the state of Karnataka since 1999. Most of the female victims suffer more because of police apathy in dealing with cases of harassment as that of a safety issue as they refused to register a police case despite the victim being attacked thrice before meriting police aid after an acid attack. One such incident would be Sonali Muk herjees case where the perpetrators were granted bail after being sentenced to nine years of Jail. Thereafter, when her family approached High Court, all the legislators, and MPs in search of justice, all she got in return was assurances and nothing else. The perpetrators got away scot-free. Indian acid attack survivor Shirin Juwaley founded Palash Foundation to help other survivors with psycho-social rehabilitation. She also spearheads research into social norms of beauty, speaks publicly, and blogs regularly at Do I Look Normal? In 2011, the principal of an Indian college refused to have Juwaley speak at her school for fear that Juwaleys story of being attacked by her husband would make students become scared of marriage. Tom ONeill of National Geographic reported that acid throwing is also used to enforce the caste system in modern India. PAKISTAN According to New York Times reporter Nicholas D. Kristof, acid attacks are at an all time high in Pakistan and increasing every year. The Pakistani attacks he describes are typically the work of husbands against their wives who have dishonored them. According to another New York Times article, in 2011 there have been counted 150 acid attacks, after 65 in 2010. LEGISLATION In 2002, Bangladesh introduced the death penalty for throwing acid and laws strictly controlling the sale, use, storage, and international trade of acids. The acids are used in traditional trades carving marble nameplates, conch bangles, goldsmiths, tanneries, and other industries, which have largely failed to comply with the legislation, derided by Salma Ali of the Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association as a dead law. Under the Qisas law of Pakistan, the perpetrator may suffer the same fate as the victim, and may be punished by having drops of acid placed in his/her eyes. This law is not binding and is rarely enforced according to a New York Times report. According to Afshin Molavi, in the early years of the revolution, and following the mandating of the covering of hair by women in Iran, some woman were threatened with an acid attack by the Islamic vigilantes for wearing a Hijab. Today, Iran has had several laws against acid attacks which is treated as a capital offense, and sentenced an attacker to be blinded in 2008. However, as of July 31, 2011, Ameneh Bahrami pardoned her attacker, thereby absolving Majid Movahedi of his crime and halting the retributive justice of Qisas. Lower House of Parliament in Pakistan unanimously passed the Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Bill On May 10, 2011. As punishment, according to the bill individuals held responsible for acid throwing face harsh fines and life in prison. Over the past few years, acid throwing has been recognized by many countries as one of the latest and most excruciating forms of violence committed against women. STATISTICS Acid violence remains under-reported but scores of women are victimized by this brutal act in South Asia every year. The United Nations defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women. Throwing acid on a woman is by far the cruelest form of abusing a person, leaving the individual paralyzed and psychologically unable to face society confidently again. An acid attack is a deliberate act of throwing acid on a victim, mostly women, usually on the face that causes severe pain, permanent disfigurement, subsequent infections and often blindness in one or both eyes. The chemical agents most commonly used to commit these attacks are hydrochloric and sulfuric acid. The attacker commits acid attacks for a number of reasons, including revenge for refusal of a marriage proposal or other romantic or sexual advances; land disputes; perceived dishonor; and jealousy. Valerie Khan, Director, Acid Survivors Foundation (ASF) says, 60 % of these attacks occur as the epitome of an already existing cycle of violence. While acid attacks are most prevalent in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India and Pakistan, they have also been widely reported in Afghanistan and in parts of Africa and Europe. In Pakistan, approximately only 30% of acid cases are reported. Exact statistics on acid attacks in Pakistan are not available but roughly around 200 acid attacks take place in Pakistan every year; at least 9000 acid attacks were reported between 1994 and 2011, according to data compiled by the Progressive Womens Association (PWA). A weak judicial system and lack of support from the police is partly to be blamed for the under reporting of such cases. Another major reason is that the victims families reach out of court settlements due to financial pressure, which prevents the compilation of any official statistics. Acid attacks, a leading act of domestic violence, are common for a number of reasons. Acid is readily available not only in major cities but also in small towns across rural areas, costing less than Rs 100 a liter and is often used for household cleaning or for cotton processing in rural areas. Shopkeepers are unaware of any regulatory requirement concerning the sales and anyone can purchase an unlimited amount without question. An important precaution, one that many are unaware of, is that the victims of acid burn should quickly douse themselves with water, for at least 30 minutes as it is important to neutralize the severity of the acid as quickly as possible. Given the limited medical care facilities available in Pakistan, this might be the victims only chance to reduce the severity of the attack. In other South Asian countries, the government has also taken a proactive approach to the crime. In 2002, Bangladesh introduced the death penalty for throwing acid and implemented laws strictly controlling the sales of acids. In 2011, Pakistan passed a law in the form of Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Bill that established tougher penalties for an acid-attack conviction 14 years to life behind bars and a fine of up to $11,000. But womens rights activists are demanding greater regulation of the sale and distribution of acid to prevent these attacks. Better rehabilitation services are also crucial for victims so they can rebuild their lives. After an attack, the victim faces physical challenges, which require long-term surgical treatment, as well as psychological challenges, which demand in-depth counseling from psychologists at each stage of physical recovery Reports of acid burn cases are alarmingly on the rise but legislation to counter this remains wanting. Many hope that Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoys Oscar winning film, Saving Face, exploring acid-attacks, will bring the much needed pressure to transform the Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Bill into action. Every year, scores of Pakistani women are disfigured in acid attacks, usually at the hands of husbands or relatives. The attacks, often brought on by fits of jealousy or rage, go largely ignored and are rarely prosecuted. Only in the last decade, has the media increased coverage of such social issues. The use of acid as a weapon has deep roots in Pakistani society. Short of murder, an acid attack is the most devastating form of aggression, transforming the victim into a figure of horror and an outcast. If this is not the time to do something about this atrocious act of violence, then one wonders if there ever will be a right time. VICTIMS AND TREATMENT Brutality of the damage depends on the concentration of the acid and the period of time before the acid is thoroughly washed off with water or neutralized with a neutralizing agent. The acid can rapidly eat away skin, the layer of fat beneath the skin, and in some cases even the underlying bone. Eyelids and lips may be completely destroyed, the nose and ears severely damaged. According to the Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan, there is a high survival rate amongst victims of acid attacks. Consequently the victim is faced with physical challenges, which require long term surgical treatment, as well as psychological challenges, which require in-depth intervention from psychologists and counselors at each stage of physical recovery. In Bangladesh, the Acid Survivors Foundation, Nairpokkho, Action Aid, and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committees Community Empowerment Strengthening Local Institutions Programmed assist survivors in Bangladesh. The Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan operates in Islamabad offering medical, psychological and rehabilitation support. The Acid Survivors Foundation in Uganda operates in Kampala and also provides counseling and rehabilitation treatment to victims of acid attacks, as well as their families if need be. Additionally in Cambodia, LICADHO, the Association of the Blind in Cambodia and the Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity all assist survivors of acid attacks. The Acid Survivors Trust International provides specialist support to its sister organizations in Africa and Asia through its specialist team who work across the organizations transferring medical, psychological and social rehabilitation skills whilst supporting knowledge sharing and best practice. CONCLUSIONS An acid attack involves the premeditated throwing of acid on a victim, usually on her face. In addition to causing psychological trauma, acid attacks result in severe pain, permanent disfigurement, subsequent infections, and often blindness in one or both eyes. Perpetrators commit acid attacks for a number of reasons, including revenge for refusal of a marriage proposal or other romantic or sexual advances; land disputes; perceived dishonor; and jealousy. While acid attacks are most prevalent in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India and Pakistan, they have also been reported in Afghanistan and in parts of Africa and Europe. Experts attribute the prevalence of the practice in part to the easy availability of acids.

Ethics In Physical Therapy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Ethics in Physical Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most rapidly growing occupations in the United States today is Physical Therapy. The United States Department of Labor has projected 23,000 unfilled physical therapist positions in the year 2000 and a lack of qualified physical therapists to fill them (www.apta.org). While Physical Therapy grows rapidly, questions of ethics in this field have also grown in large quantities. Physical therapy is the treatment of disease through physical means, including light, heat, sound waves, electricity, magnetic fields, and exercise (www.byu.edu). This means that therapists use many different forms to treat people, and treating people can be a large challenge because of all the different possibilities that could occur with the different treatments. Physical Therapy is a very rewarding and lucrative profession if the problems that come along with the job are dealt with in a capable manner. The main problem with Physical Therapy is the problem of the ethics of the profession. There are many ethical conflicts such as how to charge based on your services, and what types of services to give to each individual patient. To guide physical therapists in their decision making the American Physical Therapy Association came up with a code of ethics for it’s members to set their standards to work by. Their members are required to work by this code and are also required to maintain ethical practices. The first principle in their code is to respect the rights and dignity of all individuals. This includes all patients, employees, and co-workers. The second principle is to comply with all of the laws and regulations governing the practice of physical therapy. Physical therapists learn these laws in school before becoming a therapist. The third principle is that they must accept responsibility for their actions and exercise sound judgment. Every therapist must own up to their mi stakes, and take responsibility for their patients. The fourth principle is that they must maintain and promote high standards for physical therapy practice, education, and research. No therapist should ever compromise his or her beliefs for any reason. The fifth principle is that they must seek remuneration for their services that is deserved and reasonable. This means that they should be paid for the work that they do, but that the pay shoul... ...hysical Therapy. V.77 N.11 (Nov. 1997): p1628. EbscoHost. MasterFILE Elite. A57797069. Owens Lib.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maryville, MO. 18 Mar. 2000. Grover, James. Physical Therapy. 1999. Brigham Young University: Physical Therapy Department. 18 Mar. 2000. â€Å"How to Fix Therapy Services?† McKnight’s Long Term Care News. V.20 N.14   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Oct. 6, 1999): p.59 Owens Lib. Maryville, MO. 18 Mar. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Physical Therapy: Making a Difference. American Physical Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Association. 18 Mar. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Conflict, Climax and Resolution in Sophocles Antigone Essay -- Sophoc

Conflict, Climax and Resolution  in Antigone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Antigone, presents to the reader a full range of conflicts and their resolution after a climax. In Antigone the protagonist, Antigone, is humble and pious before the gods and would not tempt the gods by leaving the corpse of her brother unburied. She is not humble before her uncle, Creon, because she prioritizes the laws of the gods higher than those of men; and because she feels closer to her brother, Polynices, than she does to her uncle. The drama begins with Antigone inviting Ismene outside the palace doors to tell her privately: â€Å"What, hath not Creon destined our brothers, the one to honoured burial, the other to unburied shame?† Antigone’s offer to Ismene (â€Å"Wilt thou aid this hand to lift the dead?) is quickly rejected, so that Antigone must bury Polynices by herself. The protagonist, Antigone, is quickly developing into a rounded character, while Ismene interacts with her as a foil, demurring in the face of Creon’s threat of stoning to death as punishment for violators of his decree regarding Polynices. The main conflict thusfar observed i s that which the reader sees taking shape between Antigone and the king. Antigone is a religious person who is not afraid of death, and who respects the laws of the gods more than those of men: Nay, be what thou wilt; but I will bury him: well for me to die in doing that. I shall rest, a loved one with him whom I have loved, sinless in my crime; for I owe a longer allegiance to the dead than to the living: in that world I shall abide for ever. But if thou wilt, be guilty of dishonouring laws which the gods have established in honour. Ismene is unmoved by the reasoning and sentiments of... ...e pervading themes in Sophocles is the justice of the universe. We are to understand that, in some sense, cosmic justice ultimately prevails (718). WORKS CITED Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Segal, Charles Paul. â€Å"Sophocles’ Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Sophocles. Antigone. Translated by R. C. Jebb. The Internet Classic Archive. no pag. http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Watling, E. F.. Introduction. In Sophocles: The Theban Plays, translated by E. F. Watling. New York: Penguin Books, 1974.

Research On Media Preferences Film Studies Essay

Research on media penchants has paid noteworthy attending to gender differences in response to different types of movie. It has been established that assorted film genres elicit differentiated affectional responses in the two sexes. The common wisdom in media production is that work forces and adult females enjoy different types of movies, and this has been supported by genre and content categorization ( Gantz & A ; Wenner, 1991 ; Tamborini, Stiff, & A ; Zillmann, 1987 ) . Considerable attending has besides been focused on the function of personality features in modern mass communicating theory ( Blumler & A ; Katz, 1974 ; Wober, 1986 ) . The former are believed to act upon media penchants, which are basically appraising opinions refering to the satisfactions consumers anticipate from their interaction with the media ( Palmgreen, 1984 ) . The Big Five model of personality is most often employed by research workers seeking to show empirical connexions between media satisfactions and their psychological roots ( Kraaykamp et al, 2005 ) . Definition of movies: Movies are the art signifier of the Twentieth century. Besides known as â€Å" films † they take facets from about every other major art signifier and unite them into 1. They are a â€Å" dramatic nuptials of the old mechanical engineering and the new electronic universe † . Movies are the first art signifier to offer â€Å" as merchandise the most charming of consumer trade goods, viz. dreams † . ( McLuhan 2001 ) Viewing audiences step into a darkly lit theatre about as if they are stepping into their ain subconscious. They stare in complete darkness at images projected onto a larger than life screen. The audiences of a movie are taken on a journey where they can lose themselves and their ain jobs in the characters on screen. The camera becomes the sailing master and wherever it â€Å" turns to, the audience accepts, [ they ] are transported to another universe † . ( McLuhan 286 ) .A Film encompasses single gesture images, the field of movie as an art signifier, and the gesture image industry. Movies are produced by entering images from the universe with cameras, or by making images utilizing life techniques or particular effects. ( McLuhan 2001 ) Movies are cultural artefacts created by specific civilizations, which reflect those civilizations, and, in bend, impact them. Film is considered to be an of import art signifier, a beginning of popular amusement and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. ( The International Film and Television School, Paris ) .Film genresAudience response surveies tend to specify genres as â€Å" reading patterns † : socio-discursive models and â€Å" skylines of outlook † brought by viewing audiences to each movie they see. In this sense, genres are societal instead than textual restraints, leting viewing audiences to modify their generic models and take part in the building of intending instead than merely â€Å" absorbing † it from the screen ( Miller and Stam, 2007 ) The term genre is used a batch around the film industry to interrupt down the type of movie into classs. It ‘s hard to put a batch of movies in a individual class. For this ground a batch of movies have multiple genres. Films normally are presented these genres ; action, escapade, comedy, play, phantasy, horror, enigma, love affair and thrillers.The different movie genres:ActionAction filmA is aA movie genreA where one or more heroes is thrust into a series of challenges that require physical efforts, extendedA fightsand frantic pursuits. They on occasion have a resourcefulcharacterA fighting against unbelievable odds such as, dangerous state of affairss, an evilA scoundrel, and/or being chased in several ways ofA transportationA ( auto, coach, truck, etc. ) , with triumph achieved at the terminal after hard physical attempts and force ( Marin, Rick, The New York Times ) . Story andA character developmentA are by and large secondary toA detonations, fist battles, gunfight and a uto pursuits ( Tim Dirks ) .AdventureA Unlike pure, low-budgetA action filmsA , escapade movies frequently use their action scenes sooner to expose and research alien locations in an energetic manner. Main secret plan elements include pursuits forA expeditionA and lost continents, aA jungleA and/orA desertA scenes, characters traveling on a treasureA and heroic journeys for the unknown. Adventure movies are largely set in a period background and may include altered narratives of historical or fictional escapade heroes within the historical context.A Kings, A battles, A rebellionA orA piracyA are normally seen in escapade movies ( Tim Dirks ) .ComedyComedy filmA is a genre ofA filmA in which the chief accent is onA temper. They are designed to arouse laughter from the audience. Comedies are largely blithe play and are made to divert andA entertainA the audiences. The comedy genre humorously exaggerate state of affairss, the manner of speech production, the action and characters. The comedy genre can be considered the oldest movie genre ( and one of the most fecund and popular ) . Comedy, unlike otherA movie genres, puts much more focal point on single stars, with many formerA stand-up comicA transitioning to the movie industry due to their popularity. While many amusing movies are lighthearted narratives with no purpose other than to divert, others contain political or societal commentary. ( Tim Dirks )PlayAA play filmA is aA movie genreA that depends largely on in-depthA developmentA of realistic characters covering with emotional subjects. Dramatic subjects such asA alcohol addiction, A drug dependence, A unfaithfulness, A moral quandary, A racial bias, A spiritual intolerance, A poorness, A category divisions, A force against womenA andA corruptionA put the characters in struggle with themselves, others, A societyA and evenA natural phenomena At the centre of a play is normally a character or characters who are in struggle at a important minute in their live s. They frequently revolve around households. Dramas frequently, but non ever, haveA tragicA or at least painfulA resolutionsA and concern the endurance of some tragic crisis, like the decease of a household member, or aA divorce ( Tim Dirks ) .FantasyFantasy filmsA are movies withA fantasticA subjects, normally involvingA thaumaturgy, A supernaturalA events, pretend animals, or exoticA fantasy universes. TheA genreA is considered to be distinguishable fromA scientific discipline fiction filmA andA horror movie, although the genres do overlap. Fantasy movies frequently have an component of thaumaturgy, A myth, admiration, escape, and the extraordinary. In fantasy movies, the hero frequently undergoes some sort ofA mysticalA experience and must inquire for aid from powerful, superhuman forces ( Tim Dirks )HorrorHorror filmsA seek to arouse a negative emotional reaction from viewing audiences by playing on the audience ‘s most cardinal frights. They frequently feature scenes tha tA startleA the spectator through the agencies ofA macabreA and theA supernatural, therefore often overlapping with theA fantasyA andA scientific discipline fictionA genres. Horrors besides often overlap with theA thrillerA genre. A Horror movies trade with the spectator ‘s incubuss, hiddenA worst frights, repugnances andA terrorA of the unknown. Although a good trade of it is about the supernatural, if some movies contain a secret plan about morbidity, A consecutive slayers, aA disease/virusA outbreak andA surrealism, they may be termed â€Å" horror † ( Tim Dirks ) .MysteryMystery filmA is a sub-genre of the more general class ofA offense filmA and at times theA thriller genre. It focuses on the attempts of the investigator, A private investigatorA or recreational sleuth to work out the cryptic fortunes of a offense by agencies of hints, probe, and cagey tax write-off. The successful enigma movie adheres to one of two narrative types, known as Open and Closed. The Clo sed enigma conceals the individuality of the culprit until late in the narrative, adding an component ofA suspenseA during the apprehensiveness of theA suspect, as the audience is ne'er rather certain who it is. The Open enigma, in contrast, reveals the individuality of the culprit at the top of the narrative, showcasing the â€Å" perfect offense † which the audience so watches theA protagonistA unravel, normally at the very terminal of the narrative, kindred to the unveiling scenes in the Closed manner. Suspense is frequently maintained as an importantA plotA component. This can be done through the usage of theA soundtrack, A cameraA angles, heavy shadows, and surprisingA secret plan turns ( Wikipedia.com ) .Love affairLove affair filmsA are love narratives that focus onA passion, A emotion, and the fond engagement of the chief characters and the journey that their love takes through wooing orA matrimony. Romance movies make the love narrative or the hunt for love the chief secret plan focal point. Occasionally, lovers face obstructions such as fundss, physicalA unwellness, assorted signifiers ofA favoritism, psychological restraints or household that threaten to interrupt their brotherhood of love. As in all romantic relationships, tensenesss of daily life, A temptationsA ( ofA unfaithfulness ) , and differences in compatibility enter into the secret plans of romantic movies. Romantic movies frequently explore the indispensable subjects ofA love at first sight, immature with older love, unanswered love, obsessional love, sentimental love, A religious love, out love, sexual and passionate love, sacrificial love explosive and destructive love, andA tragic love. Romantic movies serve as great flights and phantasies for viewing audiences, particularly if the two people eventually overcome their troubles, declare their love, and see life â€Å" merrily of all time after † , implied by a reunion and concluding buss. ( Tim Dirks ) .ThrillersThrillers A are aA genreA of literature, movie, and telecasting scheduling that usessuspense, tenseness, andA excitementA as the chief elements. Thrillers to a great extent stimulate the viewer'sA moodsA such as a high degree ofA expectancy, ultra-heightened outlook, A uncertainness, A anxiousness, suspense, A exhilaration, tenseness, andA terror.A Literary devicesA such asA ruddy herringsA andA cliffhangersA are used extensively. TheA cover-upA of of import information from the spectator, andA fightA andchaseA scenes are common methods in all of the thriller subgenres, although each subgenre has its ain features and methods. ( The City of Olivia ) .

The Prohibition Era and the Creation of NASCAR

NASCAR is the world famous acronym for â€Å"National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing.†NASCAR racing stands prominently in the front line of the American sports today. NASCAR is an authorizing body which arranges several types of racing all over the country the country. The most famous ones are Craftsman Truck Series, Sprint Cup Series and Nationwide Series.[1]AN OVERVIEWThe creation of NASCAR traces back its roots in history. The creation of NASCAR traces back to its roots deep in the history. It goes back to1794 almost a century before the first automobile came into being. It was the time of â€Å"Whiskey Rebellion†. This rebellion was actually a protest by frontier farmers against a federal tax levied on whiskey. Despite paying the tax they built secret stills, prepared and started supplying their product secretly.[2] There began the origin of NASCAR. In this paper this history is presented decade wise.Decade 1(1920-1933)On 16th January 1920 the â€Å"Volstead Act† was imposed all over United States. The manufacture, sale, export and import of alcohol were banned under this act.[3]In the Prohibition period of the 1920's and early 30's, the underground marketing of whiskey, or â€Å"moonshine running† began to rise. Moonshine is a primitive term in English for illegal transportation of liquor, and gradually gave birth to moonshine/ moonshine runners or rum runners. These moonshiners were commonly known as â€Å"Bootleggers†. These people who confidentially used to supply whiskey from their underground stills illegally to hundreds of markets all over the Southeast. Their t high speeds driving at night because of the risk of police encounter was quite dangerous. It gradually turned into race competitions between the bootleggers which usually resulted in lose of life or imprisonment.When bootlegging developed, the bootleggers started to race among themselves to check the speed of their cars. They used to have these races on Sunday afternoons and then the same car was used to smuggle moonshine at Sunday night. Unavoidably, these races and moonshine cars became extremely popular in general public. It even continued after the end of the prohibition era in 1933 on repeal of the Volstead Act.[4]Decade 2 (1938-1950):In 1938 William H.G. Bill France held a race on Daytona Beach, Florida and NASCAR came into being. With the beginning of World War II brought stock car racing came to an end but it again grew after the war but there were no appropriate rules and the proper organization. Soon Bill realized the importance of growth of stock car racing and consequently to start a formal official organization the National Association for Stock Car Auto  Racing (NASCAR) in 1947.In the supervision of Bill France Senior and afterwards his  son, Bill France  Junior NASCAR has turned into a rapidly growing  sport in the  1990s.The first race sanctioned by NASCAR held on the  beach course at  Daytona in Fe bruary 1948. The next year NASCAR  began the racing division of NASCAR called â€Å"Strictly  Stock† division,  now identified as the Winston Cup Series. The first race by â€Å"Strictly Stock† contributed a $5,000  purse and held  in southern Florida on a two-mile circular course followed by150-mile race at the three-quarter-mile Charlotte  Speedway. The first NASCAR race on newly made Darlington  International Speedway was held in 1959 in South Carolina.[5]The NASCAR is flourishing since then till todayCurrent DecadeAs compared to the last decade NAS CAR racing has achieved the fore front of spectator sports in America, both live and in television telecasts. â€Å"The Fiftieth Season† of NASCAR was celebrated I 1998 which received great public attendance and an immense coverage by the media which clearly shows the great development and popularity of NASCAR not only in United States but across the world s well.[6]ConclusionAfter going through the history of creation and growth of NASCAR, the link between the prohibition era in the United States and the creation of NASCAR has been vividly depicted. The role played by the bootleggers/ rumrunners/moonshiners is inevitable in the origin of NASCAR. Certain schools of thoughts in United States still assume them as heroes who fought against injustice and undue taxation no matter they were treated as criminals or smugglers. They believe that America was built by them.[7]Neal Thompson has written a book â€Å"Driving with the Devils† about the moonshiners. Charles Danoff reviews the book and says that people may find â€Å"Driving with the Devil†over sympathizing the southern bootleggers regardless the fact that they were criminals anyhow. But without this deep sympathy the story could never be told. The author treats Bill France as a dictator.Danoff is of the opinion that France family may tell this story in any manner they want, but its an undeniable fact that NASCAR did not came into being in 1940s as its website says. Its origin was conceived sometimes two decade earlier.[8]ReferencesRumrunners,Moonshiners,Bootleggers  Accessed March 10, 2008The Chicago Bootleggers: The Hollow Men of NASCAR from  Ã‚     Ã‚  http://www.chicagosportsreview.com/inthemeantime/contentview.asp?c=201755 Accessed March 10, 2008  The History of NASCAR  Accessed March 10, 2008What is NASCAR.About.com: Car Racinghttp://nascar.about.com/ Accessed March 10, 2008Ziewacz Lawrence E.The Country Music- NASCAR Connection. Country Music 2001, Charles K.Wolfe and James E. Akenson[1] What is NASCAR? About.com [2]The History of NASCAR [3] Rumrunners and Prohibition [4] The History of NASCAR [5] The History of NASCAR [6] The Country Music-NASCAR Connection [7] Rumrunners,Moonshiners,Bootleggers( http://www.history.com/index.jsp) [8] The Chicago Sports Review: Bootleggers: The Hollow Men of NASCAR