The Newly Proposed Copyright Law in Germany :: Music Copyrights Ethics Essays

The Newly Proposed Copyright Law in Germ anyUp to now copyright laws are heterogeneous throughout Europe, even amongst the member nations of the European Union. For example, in the UK manufacturers of recording and duplication hard- and software are not charged a fee per sold unit that goes to an association instanceing the body of copyright owners while in most other European countries this fee exists. In order to create a more homogeneous business environment the European Parliament passed parvenu regulatory boundaries for copyright laws that now have to be transformed into national law by all member nations1. Currently, Germany is in the process of doing so and the organization proposed a new law that raises a lot of protest from different organizations. Among them are various universities, the Chaos Computer Club 2 and Ver.di 3. Together they represent a wide spectrum of the body of consumers.Status quo of copyright in GermanyThe copyright law as it is active today in Germany does not only cherish the rights of the owner of sate, but besides those of the content consumers. Its purpose is to function as a mediator between the two parties, serving both as a protection against plagiarism and an enabler of fair use.A central aspect of fair use is the private copy of content. The consumer is allowed to make copies of any content he legitimately possesses, regardless of the type of content or the media that conveys it. For example it is perfectly legal to record radio or television broadcast, make a copy of your favorite(a) CD for use in a car, or encode it as MP3 to load the songs on a MP3 player, Software or movies on DVDs can be copied for back up purposes in case the original media gets destroyed.Schools and Universities enjoy special freedoms. Without special authorization of the content owners they are allowed to reproduce or show any content they legally own for educational purposes. Even though lectures at universities and schools are open to the p ublic.Libraries have the duty, by law, to preserve as much content as possible and make it accessible to the public. Buying content once entitles libraries to make the purchased copy available to the public. The function of libraries is not restricted print media, it also includes audio and video.The proposed new copyright lawIn important points, the proposed law is quite similar to the DMCA in the United States.

social contract Essay -- essays research papers

"The current federal system of goernment in the United States is failing to meet its societal contract obligations to the American people." There is zippo closer to the truth than this statement. While some may argue that the government is following the guidelines of a social contract, many aspects of the government have outgrown their britches and taken over. With over fifteen thousand jobs up for the taking in the government it is hard to believe that the government comprised in the 18th century is the same as the mavin we have now. The government has grown exponentially large since than and has created new positions and segments to "better serve" the country. Such departments include the Department of Homeland Security. Now not to fling the decision to create it but, teenagers, such as myself, only sock that this department will change a color on a chart depending on if they think its safe or not. We have no knowledge of what it does or what its supposed to do. Yet for some odd reason we have to pay the bills for this department through our paychecks. Shouldnt we know a little about what it does before we get taxed to help run it? How can this department better serve us if we dont know what it does and how it is helping us? The larger it grows the more money we have to pay to it, and the less independent a citizen becomes. The governments main and only goal in the social contract is to protect its citizens. Yet the government seems to interv...

Salmonella :: essays research papers fc

DescriptionSalmonella is an intestinal infection caused by Salmonella enterica bacterium. You give the gate become septic by eating foods contaminated with Salmonella or by skin senses infected pets. In high-flownr cases, Salmonella infection can also be carried in medical products that were derived from contaminated animals. Before a Salmonella infection can begin, somewhere betwixt 100,000 and 100,000,000 Salmonella enterica bacteria must actually be swallowed. Salmonella bacteria invade the intestinal wall, where they trigger inflammation. They also produce irritating intestinal poisons. In some r ar cases, Salmonella bacteria may enter the bloodstream and settle in tissues and organs far away from the intestines. This spread of Salmonella infection is most common in infants, in the elderly, and in patients whose immune defenses are weakened.SymptomsAfter someone has eaten food contaminated with Salmonella bacteria, it usually takes 8 to 48 hours for symptoms to begin. Symp toms of Salmonella include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and muscle aches. PreventionYou can observe Salmonella by soundly cooking all meats, ground beef, poultry and eggs, and by promptly refrigerating all leftovers. Whenever silverware has touched raw meat, wash these items thoroughly with gook and water. Also, avoid eating eggs that are raw or partially cooked. Frequent hand washing is particularly important, especially after victimization the stop room.TreatmentDoctors do not usually prescribe antibiotic drugs, since patients typically recover on their own in a few days. Since many strains of Salmonella are patient of to one or more antibiotics, a patient may be treated initially with one antibiotic, then switched to a second antibiotic if it doesnt work.PrognosisMost patients with Salmonella recover within 5 to 10 days however, they may continue to pass Salmonella bacteria in their stool for up to 2 months.Salmonella essays research papers fc Descri ptionSalmonella is an intestinal infection caused by Salmonella enterica bacteria. You can become infected by eating foods contaminated with Salmonella or by touching infected pets. In rarer cases, Salmonella infection can also be carried in medical products that were derived from contaminated animals. Before a Salmonella infection can begin, somewhere between 100,000 and 100,000,000 Salmonella enterica bacteria must actually be swallowed. Salmonella bacteria invade the intestinal wall, where they trigger inflammation. They also produce irritating intestinal poisons. In some rare cases, Salmonella bacteria may enter the bloodstream and settle in tissues and organs far away from the intestines. This spread of Salmonella infection is most common in infants, in the elderly, and in patients whose immune defenses are weakened.SymptomsAfter someone has eaten food contaminated with Salmonella bacteria, it usually takes 8 to 48 hours for symptoms to begin. Symptoms of Salmonella include fev er, chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and muscle aches. PreventionYou can prevent Salmonella by thoroughly cooking all meats, ground beef, poultry and eggs, and by promptly refrigerating all leftovers. Whenever silverware has touched raw meat, wash these items thoroughly with soap and water. Also, avoid eating eggs that are raw or partially cooked. Frequent hand washing is particularly important, especially after using the rest room.TreatmentDoctors do not usually prescribe antibiotics, since patients typically recover on their own in a few days. Since many strains of Salmonella are resistant to one or more antibiotics, a patient may be treated initially with one antibiotic, then switched to a second antibiotic if it doesnt work.PrognosisMost patients with Salmonella recover within 5 to 10 days however, they may continue to pass Salmonella bacteria in their stool for up to 2 months.

HIV and AIDS: How Has It Developed? :: HIV AIDS Diseases Health Essays

How Has It Developed?Only within the last two decades get under ones skin human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS become largely visible in the linked States and across the globe. It may appear that there is virtu bothy a repeal in legislation dealing with HIV and AIDS because of the relatively recent cast up in public awargonness. Perhaps, though, this lack of legislation should not be impress considering the fact that almost no other specific illnesses are the target of get off legislation. The rights of patients are often the topic of new laws however, exact diseases or disorders are not usually expounded upon in these broader forms of legislation.The situation involving the possible transmission of HIV to Kimberly Bergalis from her dentist provoked m some(prenominal) calls for specific legislation requiring medical professionals to be time-tested for HIV. Additionally, some suggest that if a health care provider tests HIV incontrovertible that he or she should be required to disclose this information to all involved patients. Since there is no preexisting legislation on mandated HIV interrogation for health care professionals, one must apply broader, more enigmatical interpretations of the Constitution in order to mount cases both for and against the implementation of required HIV testing Notre Dame J. of Law. The Amendments of the Constitution that are most applicable to the make do over required HIV testing are the Fifth and 14th Amendments, which remove elements of the right to equal protection, and the fourth amendment, which contains elements of the right to privacy. The Fifth Amendment involves the role of the federal government, as opposed to the Fourteenth Amendment which addresses the role of state governments Notre Dame J. of Law. An excerpt from the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution is given belowNo state shalldeny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.(The Constitution of the United States of the States can be viewed in its entirety at http//www.publicadministration.net/resources/the-united-states-constitution/ )The Fourteenth Amendment states sooner clearly that citizens have the right to equal protection, but the Fifth Amendment does not distill this right in such an explicit manner. However, Supreme Court rulings have cited the Fifth Amendment as a source of the right to equal protection by due process in various cases Notre Dame J. of Law. An American citizens primeval right to privacy is supplied by the Fourth Amendment. This amendment, as stated below, is traditionally cognise as the Search and Seizure Amendment.The right ofHIV and AIDS How Has It Developed? HIV AIDS Diseases Health EssaysHow Has It Developed?Only within the last two decades have HIV and AIDS become largely visible in the United States and across the globe. It may appear that there is virtually a void in legislation dealing with HIV and AIDS because of the relatively recent increase in publ ic awareness. Perhaps, though, this lack of legislation should not be surprising considering the fact that almost no other specific illnesses are the target of direct legislation. The rights of patients are often the topic of new laws however, exact diseases or disorders are not usually expounded upon in these broader forms of legislation.The situation involving the possible transmission of HIV to Kimberly Bergalis from her dentist provoked many calls for specific legislation requiring medical professionals to be tested for HIV. Additionally, some suggest that if a health care provider tests HIV positive that he or she should be required to disclose this information to all involved patients. Since there is no preexisting legislation on mandated HIV testing for health care professionals, one must apply broader, more ambiguous interpretations of the Constitution in order to mount cases both for and against the implementation of required HIV testing Notre Dame J. of Law. The Amendments of the Constitution that are most applicable to the debate over required HIV testing are the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, which contain elements of the right to equal protection, and the fourth amendment, which contains elements of the right to privacy. The Fifth Amendment involves the role of the federal government, as opposed to the Fourteenth Amendment which addresses the role of state governments Notre Dame J. of Law. An excerpt from the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution is given belowNo state shalldeny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.(The Constitution of the United States of America can be viewed in its entirety at http//www.publicadministration.net/resources/the-united-states-constitution/ )The Fourteenth Amendment states rather clearly that citizens have the right to equal protection, but the Fifth Amendment does not express this right in such an explicit manner. However, Supreme Court rulings have cited the Fifth Amendment a s a source of the right to equal protection through due process in various cases Notre Dame J. of Law. An American citizens fundamental right to privacy is supplied by the Fourth Amendment. This amendment, as stated below, is traditionally known as the Search and Seizure Amendment.The right of

Science and Relgion Essay example -- Essays Papers

Science and RelgionScience and religion have not ever peacefully coexisted. There have been many starts where scientific discovery and ghostly belief have clashed. Religion is based on ancient belief passed cut out through generations. As humans discovered more and more about themselves, they found that many of the amours that religion told could not true. This caused an incredible crisis amid the pious sacred and the scientific world, especially in the Western world where Christianity dominated society, and where these scientific discoveries were being made. It was difficult for people at first to believe in graven image and at the same time except these new scientific findings that negated many issues that religion had told them. Astonomer KeplerDuring the scientific revolution many religious egresss were taken up. One was the issue of the earth being the center of the humanity, which the Christian doctrine held up as the truth. Through the work of astronomers like Coper nicus, Kepler and Galileo, much was learned about our universe. One thing that was learned was that the earth revolved around the Sun, along with all the former(a) planets of our solar system. Also it was learned that the sun is only one star among hundreds of billions of some other stars of different shapes and sizes. This discovery baffled the church. How could we be only a tiny part of something greater? It was believed that perfection created the worldly concern to accommodate humankind and that everything in that Universe revolved around this. It now became apparent that this is not true. During the seventeenth century the Catholic Church was quick to reject these findings. Galileo didnt understand the conflict, and pointed out that tidings is very old and is meant to ... ... intelligence, and who feel that the bible should be taken literally. On the same hand there are many people in the light community who read the bible literally and announce there could be no God sin ce the facts of the bible are so far removed from what scientific discovery has told us. There will probably never be day when science and religion completely agree, and there are no conflicts amidst the dickens sides. It is natural for men to question discovery, and when something tells you that thing you have believed in are wrong, it is natural to reject these things. Still, there have been considerable advancements in the understanding between religion and science.Links to web pages concerning science and religionHttp//salon.cma.univie.ac.at/neum/sciandr.html http//homepages.tcp.co.uk/carling/main_sci.htmlhttp//www.cco.caltech.edu/newman/sci-faith.html Science and Relgion Essay example -- Essays PapersScience and RelgionScience and religion have not unceasingly peacefully coexisted. There have been many issues where scientific discovery and religious belief have clashed. Religion is based on ancient belief passed graduate through generations. As humans discov ered more and more about themselves, they found that many of the things that religion told could not true. This caused an incredible crisis between the pious religious and the scientific world, especially in the Western world where Christianity dominated society, and where these scientific discoveries were being made. It was difficult for people at first to believe in God and at the same time except these new scientific findings that negated many things that religion had told them. Astonomer KeplerDuring the scientific revolution many religious issues were taken up. One was the issue of the earth being the center of the Universe, which the Christian doctrine held up as the truth. Through the work of astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, much was learned about our universe. One thing that was learned was that the earth revolved around the Sun, along with all the other planets of our solar system. Also it was learned that the sun is only one star among hundreds of billions of other stars of different shapes and sizes. This discovery baffled the church. How could we be only a tiny part of something greater? It was believed that God created the Universe to accommodate humankind and that everything in that Universe revolved around this. It now became apparent that this is not true. During the seventeenth century the Catholic Church was quick to reject these findings. Galileo didnt understand the conflict, and pointed out that tidings is very old and is meant to ... ... science, and who feel that the bible should be taken literally. On the same hand there are many people in the science community who read the bible literally and announce there could be no God since the facts of the bible are so far removed from what scientific discovery has told us. There will probably never be day when science and religion completely agree, and there are no conflicts between the both sides. It is natural for men to question discovery, and when something tells you that thing you have believed in are wrong, it is natural to reject these things. Still, there have been considerable advancements in the understanding between religion and science.Links to web pages concerning science and religionHttp//salon.cma.univie.ac.at/neum/sciandr.html http//homepages.tcp.co.uk/carling/main_sci.htmlhttp//www.cco.caltech.edu/newman/sci-faith.html

Science and Relgion Essay example -- Essays Papers

Science and RelgionScience and religion have not always peacefully coexisted. thither have been many issues where scientific breakthrough and religious belief have clashed. Religion is based on ancient belief passed down through generations. As humans discovered more and more about themselves, they found that many of the things that religion t nonagenarian could not true. This caused an incredible crisis between the pious religious and the scientific world, in particular in the Western world where Christianity dominated society, and where these scientific discoveries were macrocosm made. It was difficult for people at first to believe in God and at the analogous time except these new scientific findings that negated many things that religion had t honest-to-goodness them. Astonomer KeplerDuring the scientific revolution many religious issues were taken up. One was the issue of the flat coat cosmos the center of the Universe, which the Christian doctrine held up as the truth. Th rough the work of astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, much was learned about our universe. One thing that was learned was that the hide revolved roughly the Sun, along with all the other planets of our solar system. Also it was learned that the sun is only one star among hundreds of billions of other stars of different shapes and sizes. This find baffled the church. How could we be only a tiny part of something greater? It was believed that God created the Universe to accommodate humankind and that everything in that Universe revolved roughly this. It now became apparent that this is not true. During the seventeenth century the Catholic Church was quick to reject these findings. Galileo didnt understand the conflict, and pointed out that scripture is very old and is meant to ... ... science, and who feel that the bible should be taken literally. On the corresponding hand there are many people in the science community who adopt the bible literally and announce the re could be no God since the facts of the bible are so far removed from what scientific discovery has told us. there will probably never be day when science and religion completely agree, and there are no conflicts between the two sides. It is natural for workforce to question discovery, and when something tells you that thing you have believed in are wrong, it is natural to reject these things. Still, there have been considerable advance ments in the understanding between religion and science. cogitate to web pages concerning science and religionHttp//salon.cma.univie.ac.at/neum/sciandr.html http//homepages.tcp.co.uk/carling/main_sci.htmlhttp//www.cco.caltech.edu/newman/sci-faith.html Science and Relgion Essay example -- Essays PapersScience and RelgionScience and religion have not always peacefully coexisted. in that respect have been many issues where scientific discovery and religious belief have clashed. Religion is based on ancient belief passed down through generations. As humans discovered more and more about themselves, they found that many of the things that religion told could not true. This caused an incredible crisis between the pious religious and the scientific world, specially in the Western world where Christianity dominated society, and where these scientific discoveries were being made. It was difficult for people at first to believe in God and at the same time except these new scientific findings that negated many things that religion had told them. Astonomer KeplerDuring the scientific revolution many religious issues were taken up. One was the issue of the earth being the center of the Universe, which the Christian doctrine held up as the truth. Through the work of astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, much was learned about our universe. One thing that was learned was that the earth revolved around the Sun, along with all the other planets of our solar system. Also it was learned that the sun is only one st ar among hundreds of billions of other stars of different shapes and sizes. This discovery baffled the church. How could we be only a tiny part of something greater? It was believed that God created the Universe to accommodate humankind and that everything in that Universe revolved around this. It now became apparent that this is not true. During the seventeenth century the Catholic Church was quick to reject these findings. Galileo didnt understand the conflict, and pointed out that scripture is very old and is meant to ... ... science, and who feel that the bible should be taken literally. On the same hand there are many people in the science community who usher the bible literally and announce there could be no God since the facts of the bible are so far removed from what scientific discovery has told us. thither will probably never be day when science and religion completely agree, and there are no conflicts between the two sides. It is natural for men to question discovery, a nd when something tells you that thing you have believed in are wrong, it is natural to reject these things. Still, there have been considerable advancements in the understanding between religion and science. link to web pages concerning science and religionHttp//salon.cma.univie.ac.at/neum/sciandr.html http//homepages.tcp.co.uk/carling/main_sci.htmlhttp//www.cco.caltech.edu/newman/sci-faith.html

History of philosophy Essay

Philosophers Aestheticians Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Social and political philosophers Traditions Analytic Continental Eastern Islamic Platonic Scholastic Periods ancient medieval new-fangled new-fangled Lit durationture Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Branches Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Social philosophy Lists Index Outline Years Problems Publications Theories Glossary Philosophers ism portal v t e The history of philosophy is the study of philosophical motifs and concepts finished time.Issues specifically related to history of philosophy might include (but ar non limited to) How can changes in philosophy be accounted for historically? What drives the development of purpose in its historical context? To what degree can philosophical texts from prior historical eras be understood even today? all(prenominal) cultures be they prehistoric, medieval, or modern Eastern, Western, religious or secular piddle had their own unique schools of philosophy, arrived at through two inheritance and through independent disc all overy.Such theories retain grown from different premises and approaches, examples of which include (but are not limited to) rationalism (theories arrived at through logic),empiricism (theories arrived at through observation), and even through leaps of faith, trust and inheritance (such as the supernaturalist philosophies and religions). History of philosophy seeks to catalogue and consortify such development. The goal is to understand the development of philosophical ideas through time. Contents hide 1 Western philosophy 1. 1 Ancient philosophy 1. 2 Medieval philosophy.1. 3 Renaissance philosophy 1. 4 Modern philosophy 1. 5 Contemporary philosophy 2 Eastern philosophy 2. 1 Babylonian philosophy 2. 2 Indian philosophy 2. 3 Persian philosophy 2. 4 Chinese philosophy 3 Abrahamic philosophy 3. 1 Jewish philosophy 3. 2 Christian phil osophy 3. 3 Moslem philosophy 3. 3. 1 Religious grow 3. 3. 2 Transferring of Greek philosophy 3. 3. 3 Periods 3. 3. 3. 1 Early Moslem philosophy 3. 3. 3. 2 Mystical philosophy 3. 3. 3. 3 Transcendent Theosophy 3. 3. 3. 4 Modern era 3. 4 Judeo-Islamic philosophy 4 African philosophy.5 Further chooseing 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 immaterial links Western philosophyedit Western philosophy has a long history, conventionally divided into four large eras the Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary. The Ancient era runs through the fall of capital of Italy and includes the Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. The Medieval flowing runs until roughly the late 15th cytosine and the Renaissance. The Modern is a word with more varied use, which includes everything from Post-Medieval through the specific period up to the 20th century.Contemporary philosophy encompasses the philosophical developments of the 20th century up to the present day. Ancient philosophyed it Further information Ancient philosophy Ionia, source of beforehand(predicate) Greek philosophy, in westerly Asia Minor Western philosophical system is generally said to begin in the Greek cities of western Asia Minor (Ionia) with Thales of Miletus, who was active around 585 B. C. and left us the opaque dictum, all is water. His most noted students were Anaximenes of Miletus (all is air) and Anaximander (all is apeiron). Other thinkers and schools appeared throughout Greece over the con stipulationinous few centuries.Among the most important were Heraclitus (all is fire, all is chaotic and transitory), Anaxagoras (reality is so ordered that it must be in all respects governed by mind), the Pluralists and Atomists (the world is composite of innumerable interacting parts), the Eleatics Parmenides and Zeno (all is One and change is impossible, as illustrated by his famous paradoxes of motion), the Sophists(became known, perhaps unjustly, for claiming that truth was no more than opinion and for teaching flock to argue fallaciously to dig up whatever conclusions they wished).This whole movement gradually became more concentrated in Athens, which had become the dominant city-state in Greece. There is considerable treatment about why Athenian culture encouraged philosophy, but a usual theorywhich? says that it occurred because Athens had a direct democracy. It is known from Platos writings that some(prenominal) sophists maintained schools of debate, were respected members of society, and were well paid by their students. Orators influenced Athenian history, possibly even causing its failure (See Battle of Lade).Another theory explains the birth of philosophical debate in Athens with the presence of a slave labor acetifyforce which performed the necessary functions that would otherwise soak up consumed the time of the free male citizenry. Freed from workings in the fields or other manual economic activities, they were able to participate in the assembl ies of Athens and spend long periods in discussions on popular philosophical questions. Students of Sophists needed to acquire the skills of oration in order to influence the Athenian Assembly and thereby increase respect and wealth.In response, the subjects and methods of debate became exceedingly develop by the Sophists. The key figure in transforming Greek philosophy into a unified and continuous project one still being act today is Socrates, who studied under several Sophists. It is said that keep abreasting a visit to the Oracle of Delphi he spent much of his bearing questioning anyone in Athens who would engage him, in order to disprove the oracular prophecy that there would be no man wiser than Socrates.Through these live dialogues, he examined general but critical concepts that overlooked clear or concrete definitions, such as beauty and truth, and the virtues of piety, wisdom, temperance, courage, and justice. Socrates awareness of his own ignorance allowed him to discover his errors as well as the errors of those who claimed acquaintance based upon falsifiable or unclear precepts and beliefs. He wrote nothing, but inspired umpteen disciples, including many sons of prominent Athenian citizens (including Plato), which led to his trial and executionin 399 B.C. on the bestir that his philosophy and sophistry were undermining the youth, piety, and moral fiber of the city. He was offered a chance to flee from his fate but chose to remain in Athens, abide by his principles, and suck up the poison hemlock. Socrates most important student was Plato, who founded the Academy of Athens and wrote a do of dialogues, which applied theSocratic method of inquiry to examine philosophical problems.Some substitution ideas of Platos dialogues are the Theory of Forms, i. e., that the mind is imbued with an innate capacity to understand and contemplate concepts from a spiriteder order preeminent world, concepts more real, permanent, and universal than or re presentative of the things of this world, which are only changing and temporal the idea of the immortal soul being superior to the body the idea of evil as innocent ignorance of truthThat true knowledge leads to true virtue that art is subordinate to moral purpose and that the society of the city-state should be governed by a merit class of property little philosopher kings, with no permanent wives or paternity rights over their children, and be protected byan athletically gifted, honorable, duty bound military class. In the later dialogues Socrates figures less prominently, but Plato had previously woven his own sentiments into some of Socrates words.Interestingly, in his most famous work, The Republic, Plato critiques democracy, condemns tyranny, and proposes a three tiered merit based structure of society, with workers, guardians and philosophers, in an equal relationship, where no innocents would ever be dumbfound to death again, citing the philosophers relentless love of tru th and knowledge of the forms or ideals, concern for general welfare and lack of propertied interest as causes for their being suited to govern. Platos most outstanding student was Aristotle, perhaps the first truly systematic philosopher. Aristotelean logic was the first type oflogic to attempt to categorize every valid syllogism. A syllogism is a form of cause that is guaranteed to be accepted, because it is known (by all educated persons) to be valid. A crucial assumption in Aristotelian logic is that it has to be about real objects. Two of Aristotles syllogisms are invalid to modern eyes. For example, All A are B. All A are C. Therefore, some B are C. This syllogism fails if enclothe A is empty, but there are real members of set B.In Aristotles syllogistic logic you could say this, because his logic should only be used for things that really exist (no empty classes) The application of Aristotelian logic is preceded by having the student memorize a rather large set of syllogis ms. The memorization proceeded from diagrams, or learning a key sentence, with the first earn of each word reminding the student of the names of the syllogisms. Each syllogism had a name, for example Modus Ponens had the form of If A is true, then B is true. A is true, therefore B is true. nearly university students of logic memorized Aristotles 19 syllogisms of two subjects, permitting them to validly connect a subject and object. A few logicians developed systems with three subjects, or described a way of elaborating the rules of three subjects. Medieval philosophyedit Further information Medieval philosophy The history of western medieval philosophy is generally divided into two periods, early medieval philosophy, which started with St. Augustine in the mid 4th century and lasted until the recovery in the 13th century West of a great bulk of Aristotles plant and their subsequent translation into Latinfrom the Arabic and Greek, and high medieval philosophy, which came about as a result of the recovery of Aristotle. This period, which lasted a mere century and a half compared to the nine centuries of the early period, came to a culture around the time of William of Ockham in the middle of the 14th century. Western medieval philosophy was primarily relate with implementing the Christian faith with philosophical reason, that is, baptizing reason. Early medieval philosophy was influenced by the likes of Stoicism, neo-Platonism, but, above all, the philosophy of Plato himself. The prominent figure of this period was St.Augustine who adopted Platos thought and Christianized it in the 4th century and whose influence dominated medieval philosophy perhaps up to end of the era but was checked with the arrival of Aristotles texts. Augustinianism was the preferred starting point for most philosophers (including the great St. Anselm of Canterbury) up until the 13th century. During the later years of the early medieval period and throughout the years of the high medi eval period, there was a great emphasis on the nature of God and the application of Aristotles logic and thought to every area of life.Attempts were do to reconcile these three things by means of scholasticism. One continuing interest in this time was to prove the existence of God, through logic alone, if possible. The point of this operate was not so much to justify belief in God, since in the view of medieval Christianity this was self-evident, but to make classical philosophy, with its extra-biblical pagan origins, respectable in a Christian context. One monumental effort to overcome mere logical argument at the beginning of the high medieval period was to follow Aristotelian demonstration by starting from effects and reasoning up to their causes.This took the form of the cosmological argument, conventionally attributed to St. Thomas Aquinas. The argument roughly is that everything that exists has a cause. further since there could not be an infinite chain of causes back into the past, there must drive home been an uncaused first cause. This is God. Aquinas also adapted this argument to prove the goodness of God. Everything has some goodness, and the cause of each thing is better than the thing caused. Therefore, the first cause is the best possible thing. Similar arguments were used to prove Gods power and uniqueness.Another important argument for proof of the existence of God was the ontological argument, advanced by St. Anselm. Basically, it says that God is that than which nothing greater can be thought. There is nothing that simply exists in the mind that can be said to be greater than something that enjoys existence in reality. whence the greatest thing that the mind can conceive of must exist in reality. Therefore, God exists. This argument has been used in different forms by philosophers from Descartes forward. In addition to St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Augustine and St.Anselm, other important names from the medieval period include Blessed potty Duns Scotus, St. Bonaventure, Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, and Pierre Abelard. The definition of the word philosophy in English has changed over the centuries. In medieval times, any research outside the fields oftheology or medicine was called philosophy, hence the Philosophical Transactions of the majestic Society is a scientific journal dating from 1665, the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D. ) degree covers a wide range of subjects, and the Cambridge Philosophical Society is actually come to with what we would now call science and not modern philosophy.Renaissance philosophyedit This sectionalization does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (May 2013) Main expression Renaissance philos ophy Contemporary philosophical historiography emphasizes a great gap between pith hop ons and Modern thought.And often this gap is used as a mean to characterize the meaning of the word modern used in modern philosophy. However, a historical perspective (and philosophical ones less interested into a single solid gap) emphasizes the existence of a long period of alteration between the teleologically driven centuries (running up the 13th or 14th centuries) and the rationalists-empiricists debates. As well as for the figurative arts, music, vernacular languages and literatures, and the Christian religion, philosophy was greatly regenerate in The Renaissance.The Renaissance, spread into Europe from Italy and in particular from Northern Italy and Tuscany, also by the means of architecture, arts and literature, inaugurated new philosophical problems, and permitted a new era of thought, independent from the Roman Church. If most medieval philosophers were priests and monks, early and l ate Renaissance philosophers were a more heterogeneous population, including rhetors, magicians and astrologues, early empirical scientist, poets, philologists. The new era put together all these souls in the search for the human specificity.The study of humanae litterae overcame that of divinae litterae, and opened the way for modern skepticism and science. Many philosophers from the Renaissance are today read and remembered, even if often not categorized into a single category, but spread into modern philosophy (if they fit, peculiarly if oriented towards empiricism and rationalism, like Galileo Galilei or Machiavelli) or instead put back into the Middle Ages, especially if heavily influenced by esoteric traditions (like Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino and even Nicholas of Cusa and Giordano Bruno).Only a few, relatively innocuous philosophers are often fully recognized as Renaissance philosophers Montaigne, Tommaso Campanella, Telesius among them. Modern philosophy edit Main article Modern philosophy Further information 17th-century philosophy, eighteenth-century philosophy, and nineteenth-century philosophy As with many periodizations, there are multiple occurrent usages for the term Modern Philosophy that exist in practice. One usage is to date modern philosophy from the Age of Reason, where systematic philosophy became common, excluding Erasmus and Machiavellias modern philosophers.Another is to date it, the way the entire larger modern period is dated, from the Renaissance. In some usages, Modern Philosophy ended in 1800, with the rise of Hegelianism and Idealism. There is also the lumpers/splitters problem, namely that some works split philosophy into more periods than others one author might opinion a strong need to differentiate between The Age of Reason or Early Modern Philosophers and The paradise another author might create verbally from the perspective that 1600-1800 is essentially one continuous evolution, and therefore a singl e period.Wikipedias philosophy section therefore hews more closely to centuries as a means of avoiding long discussions over periods, but it is important to note the variety of practice that occurs. David Hume A broad overview would then have Erasmus, Francis Bacon, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Galileo Galileirepresent the rise of empiricism and humanism in place of scholastic tradition.17th-century philosophy is dominated by the need to organize philosophy on rational, skeptical, logical and axiomatic grounds, such as the work of Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, and Thomas Hobbes. This type of philosophy attempts to integrate religious belief into philosophical frameworks, and, often to combat atheism or other skeptical beliefs, by adopting the idea of material reality, and the dualismbetween spirit and material. The extension, and reaction, against this would be the monism ofGeorge Berkeley (idealism) and Benedict de Spinoza (dual aspect theory).It was during this time period that the e mpiricism was developed as an alternative to skepticism by John Locke, George Berkeley and others. It should be mentioned that John Locke and Thomas Hobbes developed their well known political philosophies during this time, as well. The 18th-century philosophy article deals with the period often called the early part of The sagacity in the shorter form of the word, and centers on the rise of systematic empiricism, following after Sir Isaac Newtons natural philosophy.Thus Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu,Kant and the political philosophies embodied by and influencing the American transmutation and American Enlightenment are part of The Enlightenment. Other prominent philosophers of this time period were David Hume and Adam Smith, who, along with Francis Hutcheson, were also the primary philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson who were philosophers of the American Enlightenment.Edmund Burke was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment, namely Humes skeptism and reliance on tradition and the passions, and while supporting the American Revolution based on the establish rights of Englishmen, rejected the natural rights claims of the Enlightenment and vehemently rejected the Rationalism of the cut Revolution (see Reflections on the Revolution in France). The 19th century took the radical notions of self-organization and intrinsic order from Goethe and Kantian metaphysics, and proceeded to produce a long elaboration on the tension between systematization and natural development.Foremost was the work of Hegel, whose Logic and Phenomenology of Spirit produced a dialectical framework for ordering of knowledge. The 19th century would also include Schopenhauers negation of the will. As with the 18th century, it would be developments in science that would arise from, and then challenge, philosophy most importantly the work of Charles Darwin, which was based on the idea of organic self-regulation found in philosophers suc h as Adam Smith, but fundamentally challenged established conceptions.Also in the 19th century, the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard took philosophy in a new explosive charge by focusing less on abstract concepts and more on what it means to be an existing individual. His work provided impetus for many 20th century philosophical movements, including existentialism. Contemporary philosophyedit Further information Contemporary philosophy The 20th century deals with the upheavals produced by a series of conflicts within philosophical discourse over the basis of knowledge, with classical authorizedties overthrown, and new social, economic, scientific and logical problems.20th century philosophy was set for a series of attempts to reform and preserve, and to alter or abolish, erstwhile(a) knowledge systems. Seminal figures include Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, Bertrand Russell, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Edmund Husserl. Epistemology, the theory of knowledge, and its basis was a central concern, as seen from the work of Heidegger, Russell, Karl Popper, and Claude Levi-Strauss. Phenomenologically oriented metaphysics undergirded existentialism (Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Albert Camus) and finallypoststructuralism (Gilles Deleuze, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida).Pragmatist Richard Rorty has argued that these and other schools of 20th century philosophy, including his own, partake in an opposition to classical dualism that is both anti-essentialist and antimetaphysical. 1 The psychoanalytic work of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and others has also been influential in contemporary Continental philosophy. Conversely, some philosophers have attempted to define and reconstruct older traditions of philosophy. Most notably, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Alasdair MacIntyre have both, albeit in different ways, revived the tradition of Aristotelianism.The philosophy of the present century is difficult to clarify due to its imma turity. A number of surviving 20th century philosophers have established themselves as early voices of influence in the 21st. These include Noam Chomsky, Saul Kripke, and Jurgen Habermas. The perceived conflict between continental and analytic schools of philosophy remains prominent, despite increasing skepticism regarding the distinctions usefulness. A variety of new topics have risen to the stage in analytic philosophy, orienting much of contemporary discourse in the field of ethics.New inquiries consider, for example, the ethical implications of new media and information exchange. Such developments have rekindled interest in the philosophy of technology and science. There has been increased enthusiasm for highly specialized areas in philosophy of science, such as in the Bayesian school of epistemology. In contemporary continental thought, a number of developments are taking place. The field of postcolonial theory, championed in the late 20th century by theorists such as Gayatri C hakravorty Spivak and Homi K. Bhabha has established itself as a major academic presence.The Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek remains tremendously popular in both academic and popular demographics, synthesizing Lacanian, Hegelian, and Althusserian Marxist thought in discussions of popular culture and politics. Zizek is also involved with the contemporary thrust to step beyond postmodernism and the linguistic turn of the 20th century. Key contributors to this movement are the French polymath Alain Badiou, and those classified under the blanket designation of speculative realism, includingQuentin Meillassoux and Ray Brassier.On the other hand, the American philosopher Judith Butler has strong support among many demographics in her close readings of language, gender, subjectivity, corporeality, kinship, war and non-violent ethics. As a result she has received strong criticism from Zizek to Martha Nussbaum and radical Zionists. Eastern philosophyedit Main article Eastern philosophy In the West, the term Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of the East, namely Asia, including China,India, Japan, Persia and the general area.One must take into account that this term ignores that these countries do not belong to a single culture. Ancient eastern philosophy developed mainly in India and China. Babylonian philosophyedit See article Babylonian literature Philosophy Indian philosophyedit See article Indian philosophy and Timeline of Eastern philosophersIndian philosophers See also Hindu philosophy, Buddhistic philosophy and Jain Philosophy Indian philosophy primarily begins with the later part of Rig Veda, which was compiled before 1100 BCE. 2 Most of philosophy of the Rig Veda is contained in the sections Purusha sukta and Nasadiya Sukta.Vedas are followed by Upanishads the oldest, such as theBrhadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads, have been dated to around the 8th century BCE. The philosophical edifice of Indian religions viz. , Hinduism , Jainism, Buddhism is built on the foundation laid by the Upanishads. Upanishadic thoughts were followed by the Buddhist and Jain philosophies. Persian philosophyedit See article Iranian philosophy See also Zoroastrianism Chinese philosophyedit See article Chinese philosophy and Buddhist philosophyChinese Buddhism Confucianism can be considered as the oldest school of philosophy in China.citation needed Confucianism developed in China around the same time as Buddhism and Jainism developed in India. Another school of philosophy, Taoism, developed in China around 200 BC. citation needed Abrahamic philosophyedit See also Abrahamic religions Abrahamic philosophy, in its loosest sense, comprises the series of philosophical schools that emerged from the study and rendering of the common ancient Semitic tradition which can be traced by their adherents to Abraham (Father/Leader of many Hebrew (Avraham) Arabic (Ibrahim), a patriarch whose life is narrated in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament , and as a prophet in the Quran and also called a prophet in multiplication 207). The old-hat text common to all of these subsequent traditions are what is known as the Hebrew Bible, roughly the first five books of the Old Testament, starting with the book of Genesis through to Deuteronomy. However, each of them added substantially different texts to their emerging canons, and hence their respective philosophical developments varied widely. Jewish philosophyedit Jewish philosophy Christian philosophyeditSee article Christian philosophy Islamic philosophyedit See articles Islamic philosophy, Early Islamic philosophy, and Modern Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy as Henry Corbin describes is a philosophy whose development, and whose modalities, are essentially linked to the religious and spiritual fact of Islam. 3 In the other word, it represents the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture. This comment does not suggest that it is necessarily concern ed with religious issues, nor even that it is exclusively produced by Muslims. 4 Religious rootsedit.Theoretical questions were raised right from the beginning of Islam, questions which could to a certain extent be answered by reference to Islamic texts such as the Quran, the practices of the community and the traditional sayings of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and his Companions. 4 In fact, rational argumentation about Islamic doctrines starts with Quran itself, and has been followed up in the utterances of the Muhammad and especially in the sermons of Ali. This despite the fact that their style and approach are different from those of the Muslim theologians.5 Though nothing decided can be said about the beginnings of theology among Muslims, what is certain is that discussion of some of the problems, such as the issue of predestination, free will and Divine Justice, became current among Muslims during the first half of the 2nd century of Islam coincides with 8th century. Perhap s the first formal centre of such discussions was the circle of Hasan al-Basri(d. 728-29). 5 Later several theological schools have emerged from 8th to 10th century. Mutazili theology originated in the 8th century in Basra (Iraq) by Wasil ibn Ata (d. 748 A. D. ). 6 Transferring of Greek philosophyeditThe early conquests of the Muslims brought them into close contact with centers of civilization heavily influenced by Christianity and also by Greek culture. Many rulers wished to understand and use the Greek forms of knowledge, some practical and some theoretical, and a large translation project started which proverb official support for the assimilation of Greek culture. This had a powerful impact upon all areas of Islamic philosophy. Neoplatonism definitely became the prevalent school of thought, following closely the computer programme of Greek philosophy which was initially transmitted to the Islamic world.4 Periodsedit Henry Corbin has divided the history of Islamic philosophy i nto three periods. 7 Early Islamic philosophyedit The first period of Islamic philosophy coincides with Islamic golden age. During this time pure philosophical thought is usually usedAristotelianism and Neoplatonism thought as its sources. But it also influenced by Islamic thought and culture. Falaturi has shown in his research that how Hellenistic philosophy diverged in the context of Islamic culture. On the other hand Corbin has shown how mystic aspect of Islam, especially Shia touch philosophy.This period begins with al-Kindi and ends with Averroes(d. 1198). 7 On the other hand there were crucial theological debates between Muslim theologians. These discussion also helped to rise of rational debates about religion, especially Islam. Avicenna is one the most prominent figures of this period. He is a thinker who attempted to redefine the course of Islamic philosophyand channel it into new directions. Avicennas metaphysical system is built on the ingredients and conceptual building blocks which are largely Aristotelian and Neoplatonic, but the final structure is more than the sum of its parts.8 In the Islamic Golden Age, due toAvicennas successful reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Islamic theology, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of early Islamic philosophy by the 12th century. Avicenna had become a central authority on philosophy by then. 9 Although this school was highly criticized by Muslim theologians, such as al-Ghazali, philosophers, like Averroes, and Sufis, Avicennas writings spread like fire and continued until today to form the basis of philosophic bringing up in the Islamic world.For to the extent that the post-Averroistic tradition remained philosophic, especially in the eastern Islamic lands, it moved in the directions charted for it by Avicenna in the investigation of both theoretical and practical sciences. 8 Mystical philosophyedit After the death of Averroes, Islamic philosophy in the Peripate tic style went out of fashion in the Arab part of Muslim world, until the 19th century. Mystical philosophy, by contrast, continued to flourish, although no thinkers matched the creativity of Ibn Arabi or Ibn Sabin.In the Persian-speaking part, Islamic philosophy has continued to follow a largely Illuminationist curriculum, which is introduced by Suhrawardi. 47 Transcendent Theosophyedit The third period, according to Corbin, begins in the 16th century after emergence of Safavid dynasty in Persia. 7 The most prominent figure of this period is Mulla Sadra who introduced Transcendent Theosophy as a critical philosophy which brought together Peripatetic,Illuminationist and gnostic philosophy along with Ashari and Twelvers theology, the source of which lay in the Islamic revelation and the mystical companionship of reality as existence.1011 This philosophy becomes dominant form of philosophy in Iran since 19th century. Shah Wali Allah extended Suhrawardi school of thought to the Indian subcontinent. 4 Modern eraedit New trends have emerged during 19th and 20th centuries due to challenge of western philosophy and Modernity to traditional Islamic philosophy.On one hand some of the scholars such as Jamal-ad-Din Asadabadi and Muhammad Abduh sought to find rational principles which would establish a form of thought which is both distinctively Islamic and also appropriate for life in modern scientific societies, a debate which is continuing within Islamic philosophy today. Muhammad Iqbal is one of the prominent figure of this group who provided a rather eclectic assortment of Islamic and European philosophy. On the other hand some thinkers reacted to the phenomenon of modernity by developing Islamic fundamentalism.

A Description of Cultural Patterns Essay

Cultural patterns are described as the preferred set of responses to different liveliness situations. According to Kluckhohn and Strodbecks description of ethnic patterns there are 5 dimensions or elements that reference book the manner in which a last orients itself to activities, social relations, the self, the humanity and the passage of time. In the following reflection I will identify each one of these dimensions with the cultural patterns sh proclaim in my country.Starting with the activity druthers, which defines how the sight of a culture view human actions and the expression of self through activities, we bottom of the inning identify the Puerto Rican culture as a becoming one. A becoming orientation refers to people who are predisposed to think of ways to change themselves as a means of changing the world. Although I do not fully apply on this identifying the Puerto Rican culture, I do agree on early(a) views that the becoming cultures have toward motion and play . For example Puerto Ricans do not have a trenchant separation between work and their social lives.Often you can go into an office and find employees chatting with each other, lecture with relatives over the phone or talking about their private lives in a business meeting. The Puerto Rican culture is more relaxed in terms of work compared to the Mexican, Colombian or European American culture, we specifically work for a means to an end and appreciate every second of our leisure time. The social relations dimension describes how the people in a culture organize themselves and refer to one another.In Puerto Rico the degree of importance we place on formality has changed through the years as different generations characterise the way we address people. For example teenagers often refer to their elders as you instead of sir or they will say to someone who is serving them give me instead ofwhitethorn I have. The Puerto Rican culture generally does not give much importance to tittles, as they believe that relationships best develop when those involved can address informally to one another.Another thing that cultural patterns prescribe are the social interactions people have between them. In the Puerto Rican culture we have African heritage so its no surprise when both our cultures prefer indirectness in conversations with other people of our country except do not deal an intermediary to do so. Generally, people in Puerto Rico will sugar coat demands or favors in conversations as a way to ask for something but in a indirect appeal so the person wont perceive us as rude or ill mannered.The self-orientation of cultural patterns describes how peoples identities are formed, whether the culture views the self as changeable, what motivates individual actions, and the kinds people who are valued and respected. Puerto Ricans can easily associate with each other, as our individual self-definition is very similar. On the contrary of the European American culture, Puerto Ricans make decisions for their children based on traditions, values and what they believe to be best for them.Although individuals make their own decisions as they mature and grow up when we evaluate from a group perspective it can be said that there is a heightened sense of mutualness and what happens to the group happens to the person. An example of this can be shown in cultural linguistic tendencies, as individuals modify their usual language others do so as tumesce also the fact that when national catastrophes occur everyone feels identified with the loss or the pain of the others.Because Puerto Rico is such a small island it is almost predictable that individuals can associate their identity with others from the same country even if there is a social status, age, town etc. aspect that differs between them. One of the most interest dimensions is the world orientation, which tells people how to allocate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature and other living thin gs. As we know Puerto Rico has different heritages because of the cultures that have influenced us trough the colonizing process, so it is not strange that our spirituality re youthfuls mostly to the European American beliefs.The general belief in our culture is that human beings can prevent, delay or overcome natural events such as earthquakes by making buildings stronger, finding cures for illnesses and prolonging the time of death of a sick person. As technology unceasingly improves individuals believe they have the power to control nature instead of nature controlling them. Despite the fact that we are most influenced by this belief we alleviate have the Latino influence which leads us to believe that we will be measured by our actions in the spiritual world where our souls will rest.The final approach of these cultural patterns is the time orientation, which can be defined as the way individuals conceptualize time. The cultural frame to which the Puerto Ricans relate is the Latino even though we do not think time is endless we dont take time as seriously. That is the reason why people are constantly late for everything, from a birthday party to work and even to Sunday mass. Time is mostly seen as ongoing and useful to maintain order, but not of the farthest importance.Analyzing these cultural patterns one can have a more accurate sense of how culture determines the identity of a country and how things like the importance of work and social time can influence so deeply the way a whole culture behaves. Also it gives you the opportunity to compare and contrast with other countries and learn how other people can have a completely different share of values and see life in such a contrasting way. Most importantly I believe that by studying these cultural patterns one can be more sensible to other peoples needs and have more respect for their culture instead of wanting to impose ours.

Conflict in the Workplace Essay

AbstractOrganizational fight is a state of disagreement brought on by the real or saw resistance of requirements, values, and investment between individuals cooperating. betrothal takes many structures in association. There is the certain clash between pro forma authority and power and those people and gatherings influenced. There are disagreements regarding how incomes ought to be separated, how the work ought to be carried out and to what extent and grueling individuals ought to work. For some individuals, clash is negative, troublesome, and unwanted, for example, a contestation with ones mate or with a companion. In any case, others disc all over conflict fun and stimulating they revel in the energy and aggravation that conflict can give. At the point when conflicts are left uncertain they have a tendency to have an antagonistic outcome for associations and the individuals working in them. It is vital to figure out how to re form a conflict in a way that amplifies its poten tial profits and minimizes its potential damage. In the ideal situation, suitably determined conflict enhances benefit, work fulfillment, incident prosperity, and the clashing parties relationship.Defining ConflictThe term conflict has no single, clear definition. Be that as it may, in the scenery of association conduct, conflict may be characterized as a condition in which one gathering contrarily influences or looks to adversely influence an replacement gathering (Thomas, 1992). Conflict might be discernible or saw (Wall & Callister, 1995), which implies that somebody may accept a clash exists actually when it would be hard to bring up as a recognizable even. Conflict and arrangements are nearly related ideas, in that both recommend that two gatherings are included, and both try to force their will or pickup in a questioned circumstance. Conflict can propel from inviting rivalry to great roughness. Conflict has some(prenominal) starting points before it becomes an issue it s tarts with conflict within the workplace, different levels of conflict, resolution for conflict, and the outcome from the resolution of conflict. Conflicts at WorkWhen you work in an environment with numerous egos it is hard not to clash with for severally one one in turn. Individuals who procure inner selves to perform an occupation title or who pick up a self image after advancements are tricky to work with and under. Individuals with inner selves likewise tend to control ein truththing and everybody that works with and for them. When I worked for the State of Tennessee, the Assistant Commissioner over my specialty had an exceptionally extreme time working with individuals who had a supposition that clashed with hers. My executive at the time was attempting to change the arrangements interior the office to help it run all the more viably. They would meet on various events with case burdens and approach changes that she denied each time on the grounds that it didnt fit into wha t she needed for her specialization. beholding that she contracted him for that reason, to change arrangements, you would have suspected that she would regard his position and endorse each change particularly on the off chance that it was a demonstrable change for the division. As time went on, she quit corresponding with him and started to speak with the associate chief of our specialty. He started to make of the circle of what was going on and felt like his position was not regarded by her or his different associates. In the end, he surrendered from his position and was offered a superior position with an alternate division. Levels of ConflictNot all conflicts are the same. Administrators ought to be mindful that four levels of clash happen in the working environment. Determining clash cant happen until the level has been licitly recognized. The four levels of conflict are as takes after intrapersonal, or intrapsychic conflict, interpersonal conflict, intragroup conflict, and in tergroup conflict. Intrapersonal conflicts happen inside a single person. Plans, musings, qualities, and feelings can clash with each other. Interpersonal conflicts happen between people. Commonly, two people in an organization enter into clashes. Identity conflicts regularly come about because of work environment impudence. Illustrations of incivility incorporate familiarly unseemly remarks, racial or ethnic slurs, mocking of more seasoned/more youthful laborers, ridicule focused around sexual introduction, and obtuse remarks about physical or mental incapacity (Blau & Anderson, 2005). Intragorup conflict alludes to episodes between parts of a gathering. Differences about objectives, strategies for trading operations, and authority dumbfound intragroup clashes.At the point when conflicts are not appropriately overseen and determined, the deciding results could be poor choices and inadequate gathering working (Bazerman & Neale, 1992). Intergroup conflict happens between different gatherings, for example, between divisions inside an organization, or between factions, for example, ethnic gatherings or female and male workers. Intergroup conflicts develop when contradictions about objectives, contrasts of conclusion about which gathering ought to be appointed an undertaking or errand, or plan portions turn into the center of consideration.The level of conflict that took place between the two parties was the interpersonal conflict. The wellspring of the conflicts in this circumstance was the absence of correspondence, authority, and techniques for operations inside our nature. A large portion of the conflict that emerged between my executive and the Assistant Commissioner was from contradictions about them not meeting division objectives in an auspicious way. another(prenominal) conflict that the two shared amongst one another is the fact that one felt like they were more mentally capable than the other to finish the task. being that both of these two individu als had solid assessments on how things ought to be carried out they were not able to complete the cycle with a sound answer for their issues. Resolution for the ConflictConflict triggers solid feelings and can prompt, frustration, and uneasiness. At the point when taken care of in a bad way, it can result in hopeless fractures, feelings of hatred, and break-ups. however when conflict is determined in a solid manner, it builds our understanding of each other, forms trust, and fortifies our relationship bonds. At the same time when there is no positive endeavor made between two conflicting parties negative practices begin to emerge. Since there were no steps taken to resolve the issues that happened between the two parties, I would makeproposals on what I felt would have worked in stopping the progressing conflict. Before offering a resolution for any conflict, I feel that it is important to understand the relationship before the conflict took place. After the identifying factors h ave been made, I would then conjure that they look beyond the incident and find the source of the conflict which would be the egos more so than the people involved.After obstetrical delivery the source of conflict to light, then it would be imperative to suggest solutions that would make both parties happy. In this particular scenario, I would suggest that both parties put their egos to the side and work on bring inting things done in a timely matter. I would also suggest that since she hired him to change policies for the department that she should allow him to do his job. After both parties agree to disagree, I would make sure that I implement positive rules for the forthcoming so that this scenario wont affect them again in the long run. Three Outcomes from ConflictOne of the most common outcomes of conflict is that it upsets parties in the compendious run. However, conflict can have both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, conflict can result in greater cr eativity or better decision making. For example, as a result of a disagreement over a policy, a manger may learn from an employee that newer technologies help solve problems in an unanticipated new way. There are many positive things that come from conflict after a conflict has a resolution. In the conflict describe, the three outcomes that can come from the resolution I suggested are consideration of a broader range of ideas, resulting in a better, stronger idea increased participation and creativity, and miniature of both individuals views that build learning. A broader range of ideas can help cease conflict among both parties and future parities.When a superior considers other people and their ideas you get a better sense of what your employers take are. It is very hard to work under a person who feels that he/she has a bigger need in the company/business than the others. This will not only fix many problems within the workplace but it will also increase the moral and productiv ity within the workplace. When your team has a supportive superior you will notice a difference in how they work and the way they work. Clarification is a very innate key in any work environment. Clarification and communication go hand in hand.Clarification involves offering back to the speaker the essential meaning, as understood by the listener. Thereby checking that the listeners understanding is correct and resolving any areas of confusion or misunderstanding. In ConclusionEverybody needs to feel comprehended, sustained and upheld however the routes in which these needs are met shift generally. Contrasting requirements for feeling great and sage make probably the most heartbreaking difficulties in our particular and expert connections. The needs of both parties assume a critical part in the long haul achievement of most connections, and each one merits appreciation and thought. In work environment conflicts, contrasting needs are regularly at the heart of sharp debate, now and then bringing about broken arrangements, less benefits and lost employments. When you can perceive the authenticity of conflict needs and get eager to inspect them in an environment of affectionateness comprehension, it open pathway to imaginative critical thinking, group fabricating, and enhanced connections.ReferencesBaac, D. (2012). Organizational behavior. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Bazerman, M. H., & Neale, M. A. (1992). Negotiating rationally. New York Free Press. Blau, G., & Anderson, L. (2005). Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility. ledger of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 595614. Thomas, K. W. (1992). Conflict and negotiation processes in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 3). Palo Alto, CA Consulting Psychologists Press.

Decoding Apple’s Balance Sheet Apa Format Essay

Decoding Apples Balance Sheet In March of 2009, Apple had its best March quarter taxation and earnings in Apple history (Apple). In order to see how this occurred, it is important to reflexion over the financial statements of Apple. There is a lot of teaching available to investors who are interested in investing in a company. By looking specific eachy at the residuum sheet of Apple I am going to determine if investing in Apple is a good idea or a bad idea. Some things I am going to consider are Apples assets, liabilities, and shareowners equity. These areas should give me insight to how the best quarter in Apple history came to be. looking for at the on-going assets of Apple, cash and cash equivalents went down from 11. 8 billion dollars to 4. 4 billion dollars. This may look bad at first, but all of the other assets must be added to this in order to get an overall picture of the assets. Short-term marketable securities went up from 10. 2 billion dollars to 20. 5 billion dol lars. This helped Apples assets grow tremendously. Accounts receivable fell to 1. 9 billion dollars from 2. 4 billion dollars. With the rest of the current assets figured in, inventories, deferred tax assets, and other current assets, the amount current assets rose to 33. billion dollars from 32. 3 billion dollars. That was a stand up of 1. 5 billion dollars (Apple). It is important to take into account the rest of the assets. For example, long marketable securities rose 1. 5 billion dollars, property, plant and equipment rose 0. 91 billion dollars, goodwill stayed the same, acquired intangible assets fell 0. 017 billion dollars, and other assets rose 0. 56 billion dollars. Now that we know how each asset was affected during this quarter, we come to the final numbers, which are total assets rose 3. 6 billion dollars. Apple grew its assets well during this quarter.I would think Apple would be a good company to invest in. Before I made any decisions I would investigate the balance sheet further in order to compare liabilities and shareholders equity with the previous quarter. This will give me a better understanding of the financial situation of the company (Apple). Current liabilities are in the first section of liabilities and shareholders equity. The following accounts are current liabilities and how they fared. Accounts payable went down from 5. 5 billion dollars to 3. 9 billion dollars. Accrued expenses went down 1 billion dollars.Deferred revenue went up from 4. 8 billion dollars to 7 billion dollars. The total spay in current liabilities was a decrease of 0. 4 billion dollars. The other two liabilities categories, deferred revenue (non-current) and other non-current liabilities, rose collectively 0. 7 billion dollars. This gives the total liabilities a rise of 0. 3 billion dollars. This amount compared to current assets is not as significant. So far Apple is still looking like a good investment because the assets of Apple rose 1. 5 billion dollars wh ereas their liabilities only rose 0. 4 billion dollars.It is now time to take a look at the final category of the balance sheet, the shareholders equity (Apple). The value of shareholders equity, common stock, rose from 7. 1 billion dollars to 7. 6 billion dollars. bear earnings also rose it rose from 13. 8 billion dollars to 16. 6 billion dollars. Accumulated other comprehensive income rose . 07 billion dollars. Total shareholders equity rose 3. 3 billion dollars. So adding together the rise of 0. 4 billion dollars in liabilities with the 3. 3 billion dollar rise of the shareholders equity, we get the same amount, 3. 7 billion dollars, as we got for the rise in total assets.

Future Life Reading Essay

First, I can see a man and a woman travel into view from the bottom remaining of the cypher, diagonally across the scene to the top right. They ar holding hands as they walk. She is wearing a very escape and airy thin materialed flowing white dress I cannot see her hair color. She is a thin woman. The man, as they are walking is pointing things out to the woman, things in the distance. He seems to speak a lot about the things he is pointing at. He has black hair and is wearing a shirt or a cover that reminds me of Star Trek TNG, or other similar sci-fi attire, goldish in color and almost sparkly the edges a 2 (at least) thick line of slightly twinkle color around the outer edges of the garment. The setting appears to be sand in color, Egypt would be the closest reference from here on earth, and the sun is shining. There are others around, but not immediately close-by to this couple. (To note As I was writing this, at about 1030 am Eastern Standard Time, I got a very strong sme ll of beer. I do not have any beer in my home.)Second, I got a close up photo of a womans face/head. She has moderately long dark hair, and wears what appear to be thick-lensed glasses. She is sitting in some sort of layered sit such as in an auditorium, arena, or university classroom. She is holding a pen or pencil in her right hand between her fingers, constantly mournful her hand around as she speaks to a person seated to her right. I believe the person she is speaking with is male, adult, but I cannot see him. All the while, she is watch and listening to what is going on in front of her. She was wearing a light colored long-sleeved thin blouse.Third, it started with an upside-down workboot. Behind this workboot, faded in the image of a garage or auto shop. The room verbalismed large, but only seemed to have 1 garage door. The boot faded as other images came into view. In this garage, thither is now a car at the far wall, directly across from theopen door, which has 2 people on the other side of it. whizz man, which is clearly visible, is the focus of the scene. This man is older, white or very light grey hair, and he is wearing an orange t-shirt. This man is close to 6-feet tall from the look of it. The other man with him is like a shadow figure, never coming into view enough to see him, only enough to see that he is there he is shorter than the older man.The older gentleman in the orange shirt is looking over toward another part of this room and seems to be arguing with someone. He doesnt look happy at all. I cannot see the person he is arguing with, however, I get the feeling that he is arguing with his married woman over something as he is getting ready to leave to go somewhere. Directly outside the garage door, I can see pavement and stinker to the side, and there looks to be a fence next to the grass. On the grass, I see something largely red with blue, definitely a childs short-change it looks like it may be a small wagon or dump truck, but I cant see for sure. There is something else to the left of this object but I cannot make it out either Im guessing a tricycle.

Legal Issues in Interviewing

I would never try to joint the name the way Lance did. I would simply ask how to pronounce the medical prognosiss name. I would then ask the candidate to tell me a little about themselves. This is the part the usually depart disclose where they are from, if they have children, wed or not, where they went to school, and their interests. 2. Incarceration Insult If I felt that the candidate may have a criminal record I would then discuss the lynchpin ground check that will be performed. Hopefully this Is when the candidate will speak up If they do have a criminal back ground. . senior(a) Error I dont see why this is coming up in the interview anyways. This is an inappropriate question and should never be asked. If the interviewer feels that he or she should spot this randomness then they should have the candidate fill out an application that will have them put their DOBB down and then Just do the math. 4. medical checkup Muddle How Lance words this Is again unprofessional and Inappropriate. An easier way to may ask the candidate If there Is anything that may restrict them in doing any of the realize duties that they are applying for. . Offspring Offense This is important information to know but the key is how to word the question without offending anyone. I would explain that the Job will have some demanding hours and shifts. I would further explain that they may have to cover and work doubles or work evening hours. Then I would ask them if there was anything that would prevent them for being able to work these hours. 6. Interview. 7. Language Louse-Up This again was very unprofessional and irrelevant. I would check the resume to see if the candidate is bilingual.If so I would then ask him what languages and leave that subject at that. 8. Pregnancy Problem If the candidate is fit for the position and will do soundly with the company I would offer the job and then discuss maternity leave with the candidate. 9. Racial Rudeness Asking anything that is rel ated to the candidates race is irrelevant and unprofessional. I would never ask anything like this. 10. Religious Ruckus Again this is an inappropriate question that does not need to be asked or brought up.I loud give her the information regarding paid holidays if it got to that point in the interview and let her know if she needs a different holiday that is not listed then she can feel unaffectionate to use her vacation time for this holiday. I think that if I was ever in an interview with Lance and he asked me the questions like he did in the motion picture I would definitely cut the interview short and ask to speak to his supervisor. Most questions asked in this video were done very condescending and rude. Most probable Lances superiors have no idea that this is how interviews candidates.

Literature as Knowledge for Living Essay

According to Vera M. Kutzinski in his introduction, Ottmar Ette was sent to the east of Germany after the reunification of Germany to strengthen academic institutions. There, universities were going to fix the so-called Initiative for Excellence, which would make German universities more competitive. But, when it came to application, a little percentage of humanities institutions were selected, because the focus was actually on science and technology.This situation was what fueled Ette to take a turn on his domesticate and st subterfugeed to work on not trying to convince why literary studies were better or worth more attention or research, but to make skeptical see why society cannot do without literary studies. Ettes official work on this matter is titled Lendemains, where he focuses on literary studies as something that society needs to survive and the relations established between human universes in literary terms. Below is presented a short review on his evaluation on this matter.Ette argues that literature and phrase do not seem to deal with language about liveness any longer. Instead, scientific and technological academic fields have taken over. So what has to be d ane for the humanities to deal with life again would be, according to him, reorientating the idea of life, which should be based on making society see how the humanities can improve how human beings live with one another, and this should be done in concert with the biosciences, creating an easily understandable language which allowed scientific and literary discourses to work together as equals.Ette also discusses how biotechnology and natural-scientific fields of pick out have become the sciences of life because it has been socially accepted, since their subjects of study have to do with life. And also how literary scholars do not pay attention to the humanities losing fundament on this respect. So, according to the author, the concept of life should be changed from a bio-chemical, b iophysical, and biotechnological and medical, to acultural-literature-oriented one, as other scholars also maintained before (Leo Spitzer and his ideal of literature being the science that seeks to comprehend the human being to the extent to which he expresses himself in words and linguistic creations). Then, the author introduces the concept knowledge for living as the var. of knowledge inherent to literature, this is, literature having knowledge about or of life. But then, it comes the following question how to acquire this knowledge for living?This could be answered (according also to Wolfgang Isers work) by the act of reading, this is reading fictional literary pieces and having acknowledges through it that make the reader gain a kind of knowledge that he/she would not experience in their own life otherwise. This introduces the concepts of intratextuallity (the knowledge of living that characters of novels possess) and extratextuallity (the ways of acquiring certain cultural a nd sociohistorical knowledge for living), both of which influence the reader culturally, in their behavior, their life, etceteradepending on what they read. These two dimensions of the knowledge for living constitute, at the same time, the knowledge for living together, which is acquired by the readers through literature as the conditions for plurality to live together which have been shaped all throughout history. In these terms, the author mentions Roland Basthers work Comment vivre ensemble, and how literary analysis could connect literature and life. This is, for example, how to live (in the novel), how certain people have lived (in biography), etc.In addition, these knowledges should take into account different contexts and cultures, gender and social differences, in order to be universal and valid. The conclusion of the author is that the humanities first need to realize the potential that they possess concerning knowledge for living which, in conjunction with the natural an d social sciences, would give new perspectives for the exploration of art and literature as knowledge for living.

Macbeth was doomed by fate or by a flaw in his character Essay

In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it is very controersial whether or not Macbeth was doomed by mint or by a demerit in his character. It could be argued that Macbeth was doomed both by fate and by a flaw in his character. On atomic number 53 hand, the role of the witches influence could be regarded as a major external force that exploited Macbeths character flaws. However, on the other hand, Macbeths ambitious nature and greed for creator was the flaw in his character that last led to his downfall. The extent to which Macbeths downfall is determined by fate or a flaw in his character will be discussed.It could be argued that it was fate that lead Macbeth to his doom. The role of his fortuity meeting with the witches was instrumental in influencing Macbeths decision making. On a eerie night, Macbeth was told three prophesies by the witches, _All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter._ Macbeth did not question the truth of the prophecies, which he believed were preordained because in Elizabethan times, it was believed that witches could see into the future, kill their enemies and make themselves invisible.Every iodin believed that the witches could see the future, and this led Macbeth to the idea of violent death Duncan once he had listened to the prophecy that he would become King of Scotland. Macbeth thought, _If scene will have me king, why, chance may crown me without my stir._ An interpretation of this quote according to Macbeth could be, if fate wanted him to be king, perhaps fate would just make it happen and he wouldnt have to do anything. Consequently, Macbeth was lead to fate finished the prophecies of the witches, simply by trying to master fate, his ambitious nature and greed for power was the flaw in his character that ultimately led to his downfall.Macbeth is not doomed by fate, but by a flaw in his character. This flaw can be viewed as the way he let his ambitions take over and cloud his morality. At his first taste of power, his ambition takes over and he is craving for more. Since Duncan is already King, the just way for Macbeth to fulfil hisdesire is to kill him. Macbeth admits that he has to kill Duncan and ultimately his own ambition drives him to finalise to kill the King. _I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself and falls on the other._ This is proving that Macbeth was prepared to kill anyone who was at risk to undermine his seat on Scotlands throne. Macbeth blurred his good judgement and sacrificed his morals to achieve his goal, to become king. Macbeth put his own desire before the good of his country and in the end it is destroyed by his ambition. Therefore, Macbeths ambition and greed for power was not caused by fate, but by a flaw in his character that he is trusty due to his corrupt actions.Macbeths ambition went to all lengths to become kind of Scotland, that despite the influences, Macbeth was still accountable for his own actions. The witches told Macbeth his three prophecies they forced nothing, just simply presented facts that influenced Macbeth to act. Macbeth interpreted the words and actions to make the prophecies come true. The witches gave Macbeth a fake sense of security and it is his tragic flaws that brought him upon his downfall. After Macbeth was told the prophecies, he said to himself _My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man that function.Is smotherd in surmise, and nothing is. But what is not._ The witches foretell awakens within Macbeth a murderous ambition that was there all along.Lady Macbeth is the driving force that encourages Macbeth to have the best his sense of guilt and take action on the prophecies. Lady Macbeth manipulated Macbeth into murder by saying _When you durst do it, then you were a man_ An interpretation of this quote according to Lady Macbeth could be, he was more of a man when he dared to commit the murder, and recognizes that his ambition to commit the murder and claim the throne are good-natured and manly to her. Lady Macbeth was a huge influence to Macbeths corruptions, for instance she says, A little water clears us of this deed. Meaning she is literally washing her hands of with murder. sluice though Lady Macbeth was a huge influence, Macbeth was the one who held the dagger. As a consequence of Macbeths actions, it was his ambition and greed for power that ultimately led to his downfall.Even in consideration of external forces such as manipulations of LadyMacbeth and prophecies of the witches, Macbeth decided his own fate by means of his actions. His morality was weak and he was self-centered. Consequently, Macbeth ambition and greed for power was the flaw in his character that ultimately led to his downfall.

Common Law Essay

Common rightfulness is the body of fair play developed from custom or legal decisions in English and U.S. courts, non referable to a legislature. Which means that it is a system in which principles atomic number 18 developed ground on past times situations with similar conditions. In this sense common fair play is founded on the precedence of first occasions. In the occurrence of an event that an instance has never before happened the outcome of this event sets the precedent for futher cases.American law is based on federal and state constitutions. The Constitution of The United States is considered to be the supreme law of the land and no law can supersede that law. The Constitution sets the guidelines for all law in the states. This also deems for laws within states the law of the states are considered to be the law of that particular state, and is the law their unless deemed un-constitutional by the Constitution.The importance of precedent in the judicial decision making process is that laws and past cases can be examples in decisions to be made. The relevance in legal principles is what makes things related in a legal process and helps influence decisions and which makes this process work.Equitable remedies are a branch of law founded on notions of justice and fair dealing. This supplies a remedy when there is not a adequate remedy available. While a legal remedy is when a court of law exercises the law and enforces the right and orders the penalty.

Interpersonal interactions in health Essay

Language Barrier/ Overwhelming Language.Mrs Singh and her conserve say minimal English. This would firstly be a obstruction between the MDT staff present at the concourse and themselves. The MDT team are using jargon and large words that neither Mrs Singh nor her maintain can come across because of their lack of English language. They would have to try and guess what was world give tongue to through body language, seventh cranial nerve expressions and tone of voice. What is being utter can be completely misunderstood and can make the built in bed a lot worse. In this scenario a translator would have been impressive in breaking the barrier between Mrs Singh, her husband and the doctors. The doctors are non including Mrs Singh and her husband in the conversation or checking that what is being said is understood by them. They are not using open questions to confirm their understanding. This is not a smashing feeling for them to be feeling and means that it has not been c ommunicated effectively. Without the translator or the doctors making sure they understand, Mrs Singh and her husband will be feeling very confused and nervous.Tone/Speed of ConversationThe MDT team unavoidableness to understand that not everything that is being said is being interpreted correctly and this conversation is not effective because of their lack of thought. When explaining and trying to organise the discharge package for Mrs Singh, it is quite clear that she does not understand what is being explained and discussed because of the bewildered look on her and her husbands face. The MDT team need to slow down what they are saying and need to be clearer with explaining the package. They willneed to be patient because it will take Mrs Singh seven-day to understand what is being said because of the language barrier. Once again they will also need to anticipate open questions to solidify that Mrs Singh understands what is being said. As a team they will need to give Mrs Singh and her husband time to respond to the discussion and have a chance to ask question if theyre need (which they should know). Tones of voice needs to be thought about as well because this is how Mrs Singh would try and interpret what is being said because she wont understand the language clearly.The EnvironmentThe main problem with where and when it was held in the public, guard day room at lunch time. The fact that it was in a public place is not helpful or ideal to the situation because it was very busy and not private or private at all. It was also done at lunchtime, where the people involved in the conversation would most possible be hungry so would not be concentrating well and get distracted and this would not be helpful or best for the situation. The fact that there are a lot of people at the meeting (7 MDT team members and Mrs Singh and her husband) would usually be helpful because the more people, the more helpful it can be to the patient but the fact there was a lot of people in such a crowded situation makes it very overwhelming and can be unhelpful and intimidating.Because it was held at lunchtime, it was very blatant and the background noise was very distracting and unsettling. Not being able to hear made the ward take up raise her voice which is very scary for Mrs Singh seeing as she doesnt understand what is being said anyway. The fact that her voice had to be raised can also make Mrs Singh feel that there may be something wrong and if you cannot understand the language, you listen to the tone of voice and figure out what is trying to be explained so if they are shouting it creates a negative environment.

Modern Ideas for Treating Epilepsy

IntroductionEpilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, and is associated with a variety of medical conditions and neurological diseases. Antiepileptic medications attempt to treat this chronic seizure propensity, and, by definition, antiepileptogenic drugs end to prevent the natural history of the epileptic disease (Raman, Rho, & Cavazos, 2004).Epileptic seizures are paroxysmal clinical events arising from neuronic hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony of the noetic lens cortex, either locally or simultaneously in both hemispheres. A seizure go alongs when there is a sudden imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory inputs to a network of neurons such that there is general excessive excitability.The behavioral manifestations of a seizure depend on the area of the area of the cerebral cortex that is involved directly, in the seizure focus, or indirectly, through recruitment and propagation of this deviant paroxysmal neuronal activity. C onvulsions are defined as seizure that includes motor manifestations such as repeated and rhythmic goosey of the limbs, most often due to involvement of the motor cortex. Anticonvulsant drugs are medications that attempt to compensate for this abnormal cellular hyperexcitability by shifting the delicate balance back toward its normal state.Treatment for EpilepsyProspective population-based studies book demonstrated that 65-70 per penny of patients attain at least a 5-year remission and that half of these will successfully stop give-and-take. Thus, the retentive term prognosis of epilepsy is good for most patients with a short history of seizures (Appleton, 2001). The question arises as to when give-and-take should be started and when it can be stopped. Prophylactic treatment may be undertaken in patients with a naughty prospective risk of epilepsy after head injury and craniotomy for various neurosurgical conditions, although no evidence exists that antiepileptic treatment is effective in such cases.The main form of treatment for epilepsy is drugs (Scambler, 1989). The majority of people can be rendered seizure-free by pharmacological mean, although chronic intractable epilepsy develops in approximately 20 per cent of cases. Occasionally surgical process may be appropriate for those who have a single discrete focal abnormality and whose seizures have been unresponsive to drug therapy, but the proportion of those with epilepsy likely to benefit from surgery will probably inhabit small. Sometimes people can learn to control their seizures by avoiding clear precipitants, for example alcohol or lack of sleep. But the large majority accepts anti-convulsant medication, often over a period of many years.Five drugs are commonly used for the management of partial and grand mal seizures phenytoin, carbamazepine, sodium valporate, phenobarbitone and primidone. All show alike(p) therapeutic results, but phenobarbitone and primidone tend to be used less because o f their sedative effects.Unfortunately, former(a) studies have shown the high incidence of behavioral side-effects from the treatment (Lders, 2001), an important issue when weighing the pros and cons of continuous therapy.These side-effects occur in 40% of treated children and include irritability, hyperactivity, sleep pattern disturbances, and the possibility of diminished intelligence, but its strong suit has now been questioned. Mephobarbital has the same side effects as Phenobarbital and phenytoin and carbamazepine do non appear to be effective. The potential role for newer antiepileptic drugs such as lamotrigine and gabapentin is unknown.The Consensus Development Conference on Febrile Seizures attempted to make the best possible recommendations regarding treatment. The panel recommended considering continuous anticonvulsant prophylaxis only in the presence of any known high-risk factors. In this basis, only a small percentage of children would require treatment.ReferencesAppl eton, R. (2001). Epilepsy (4th ed.). Massachusetts, USA Informa Health Care.Lders, H. (2001). Epilepsy Comprehensive Review and Case Discussions. Great Britain Informa Health Care.Raman, S., Rho, J. M., & Cavazos, J. E. (2004). Epilepsy Scientific Foundations of Clinical Practice. saucy York Basel Informa Health Care.Scambler, G. (1989). Epilepsy. New Fetter Lane, London Routledge.